Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the northern part of Suez Gulf, Egypt

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the seasonal variability of phytoplankton in the northern part of the Gulf of Suez (Suez Bay), considering the contribution of physicochemical parameters of bay water in shaping the dynamics, and eutrophication assessment. Water and phytoplankton samples were collected seasonally at nine stations in the Suez Bay during the period from the winter to autumn of 2012. A total of 423 phytoplankton species were identified, comprised mainly of 224 diatoms, 127 dinoflagellates, 33 cyanophytes, 20 chlorophytes, and 9 euglenophytes; the rest of the species (10 species) belong to other six groups. Of these, 28 species were potentially harmful. The total phytoplankton abundance exhibits a significant seasonal variation, with the autumn being the most fertile season, followed by the winter due to the proliferation of diatom species Thalassionema nitzschioides and Proboscia alata f. gracillima, respectively. While the seasonal species richness indicates that the winter attained the highest number of species, followed by summer. Generally, the major diatom genera were Chaetoceros (16 species), Navicula (15 species), Nitzschia (15 species), and Amphora (14 species), while dinoflagellates were principally composed of the genera Protoperidinium (34 species), and Tripos (26 species). Water temperature, pH, salinity, nitrate, and nitrite were the most important explanatory parameters in regard to phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyll a concentration. In addition, the phytoplankton stability exhibited a significant positive relationship with the mean values of dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand and the variability of salinity and phosphate, while a negative relationship was observed with ammonia and nitrite and the variability of nitrate. Based on the trophic index (TRIX), the bay water was classified as mesotrophic (moderately polluted) for almost the entire year except in the autumn as it turned eutrophic. The results explored the potential importance of the environmental heterogeneity in the bay as a key structuring mechanism of phytoplankton abundance and biomass, influenced by anthropogenic activities.

Keywords: Environmental heterogeneity; Phytoplankton dynamics; Seasonal variation; The Suez Bay.

Fig. 1

Map of Suez Bay and sampling locations

Fig. 2

PCO of phytoplankton assemblages in different seasons coupled to a cluster analysis. Solid and dashed lines represent the principal clusters identified as % of Bray Curtis similarity

Fig. 3

Spatiotemporal distributions of chlorophyll a concentration (µg. l^-1)

Fig. 4

Spatiotemporal distributions of Shannon diversity index in Suez Bay

Fig. 5

Principal component analyses (PCA) biplot for the relationship between environmental factors and Shannon (H'),Pielou's evenness (J'), species number (S), total individuals (N), and chlorophyll a

Fig. 6

Principal components analysis (PCA) biplot for the relationships between environmental factors and phytoplankton stability index (TSI)