Structural Features and Optical Properties of All-Inorganic Zero-Dimensional Halides Cs4PbBr6- xI x Obtained by Mechanochemistry

Abstract

Despite the great success of hybrid CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite in photovoltaics, ascribed to its excellent optical absorption properties, its instability toward moisture is still an insurmountable drawback. All-inorganic perovskites are much less sensitive to humidity and have potential interest for solar cell applications. Alternative strategies have been developed to design novel materials with appealing properties, which include different topologies for the octahedral arrangements from three-dimensional (3D, e.g., CsPbBr₃ perovskite) or two-dimensional (2D, e.g., CsPb₂Br₅) to zero-dimensional (0D, i.e., without connection between octahedra), as the case of Cs₄PbX₆ (X = Br, I) halides. The crystal structure of these materials is complex, and their thermal evolution is unexplored. In this work, we describe the synthesis of Cs₄PbBr_6-xI_x (x = 0, 2, 4, 6) halides by mechanochemical procedures with green credentials; these specimens display excellent crystallinity enabling a detailed structural investigation from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXRD) data, essential to revisit some features in the temperature range of 90-298 K. In all this regime, the structure is defined in the trigonal R3̅c space group (#167). The presence of Cs and X vacancies suggests some ionic mobility into the crystal structure of these 0D halides. Bond valence maps (BVMs) are useful in determining isovalent surfaces for both Cs₄PbBr₆ and Cs₄PbI₆ phases, unveiling the likely ionic pathways for cesium and bromide ions and showing a full 3D connection in the bromide phase, in contrast to the iodide one. On the other hand, the evolution of the anisotropic displacement parameters is useful to evaluate the Debye temperatures, confirming that Cs atoms have more freedom to move, while Pb is more confined at its site, likely due to a higher covalency degree in Pb-X bonds than that in Cs-X bonds. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy shows that the optical band gap can be tuned depending on iodine content (x) in the range of 3.6-3.06 eV. From density functional theory (DFT) simulations, the general trend of reducing the band gap when Br is replaced by I is well reproduced.

Keywords: Cs4PbBr6; Cs4PbI6; mechanochemical synthesis; optoelectronic properties; synchrotron X-ray diffraction; tunable band gap.

Figure 1

Laboratory X-ray powder diffraction patterns of Cs₄PbBr_6–xI_x (a). Variation of the unit cell parameters (a, b, and V) with iodine content (x) (b).

Figure 2

Rietveld refinements from synchrotron XRD at room temperature for (a) Cs₄PbBr₆ and (b) Cs₄PbI₆.

Figure 3

Temperature dependence of the SXRD patterns (2θ range of 6.2–9.0°) of Cs₄PbBr₆ (a) and Cs₄PbI₆ (b). Thermal expansion of the unit-cell volume from which the coefficients of thermal expansion (TEC) are estimated (c).

Figure 4

Room temperature UV–vis spectra for the zero-dimensional halide perovskite Cs₄PbBr_6–xI_x (x = 0, 2, 4, 6). The spectra were vertically shifted to clarify the representation.

Figure 5

Isovalent surface obtained from bond valence maps for Cs₄PbBr₆ (a) Cs⁺ and (c) Br^– and for Cs₄PbI₆ (b) Cs⁺ and (d) I^–. Green, gray, brown, and purple spheres represent the cesium, lead, bromide, and iodine atoms, respectively.

Figure 6

Isovalent surface from bond valence maps around Cs⁺ atoms demonstrating the likely jump possibilities in 0D: (a) Cs₄PbBr₆ and (b) Cs₄PbI₆. Green, gray, and brown spheres represent the cesium, lead, and bromide atoms, respectively.

Figure 7

Thermal evolution of the MSDs (U_eq) of Cs1, Cs2, Pb, Br, and I for Cs₄PbBr₆ (a) and Cs₄PbI₆ (b). Circles represent the MSDs extracted from the Rietveld refinement, while the lines are the best fits to the experimental data using the harmonic Debye model.

Figure 8

Partial density of states (PDOS) for Cs₄PbX₆ (X = Br, I) halides (a). Comparison of the band gap energy (E_G) values for the Cs–Pb–X (X = Br, I) phases with different octahedral arrangement dimensions (b).