Key drivers of reversal of trend in childhood anaemia in India: evidence from Indian demographic and health surveys, 2016-21

Abstract

Aim: Recent National Family Health Survey results portray striking improvements in most population and health indicators, including fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, gender treatment, household environments, and health insurance coverage of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), with all India resonance. However, the prevalence of any anaemia (< 11 g/dl) among children under age five has exhibited a reversed trajectory in recent years. Therefore, the present study explores key drivers of the reversal of the trend in the prevalence of childhood anaemia between 2015 and2021.

Methods: Data of four rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) were used to show the overall trend of anaemia among children. However, for the analysis of key drivers of the reversal trend of childhood anaemia, only the recent two rounds (NFHS-4 & NFHS-5) were used. Descriptive, bivariate multivariable analysis and Fairlie decomposition model were used to explore the drivers of the reversal of the trend in childhood anaemia.

Results: During the past two decades, India has seen a decline in the prevalence of childhood anaemia (NFHS-2 to NFHS-4). However, a reversal of trend was observed recently. The prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6-59 months increased from 59 percent in NFHS-4 to 67 percent in NFHS-5. In addition, the prevalence of mild anaemia increased from 23.3 percent in NFHS-2 to 28.7 percent in NFHS-5. However, the prevalence of moderate and severe anaemia declined considerably from NFHS-2 (40 percent and 4.1 percent) to NFHS-4 (28.7 percent and 1.6 percent), but showed an increase in the prevalence in NFHS-5 (36.3 percent and 2.2 percent). Among others, mothers' educational attainment, anaemia status and socio-economic status emerge as the key drivers of the change in the prevalence of childhood anaemia.

Conclusion: These findings may have vital implications for the ongoing Anaemia Mukt Bharat Programme, one of the government's dream projects in India.

Keywords: Childhood anaemia; India; Key drivers; Reversal of trends; Under-five children.

Fig. 1

A Prevalence of mild anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in India, 1998–2021. B Prevalence of moderate anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in India, 1998–2021. C Prevalence of severe anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in India, 1998–2021

Fig. 2

Age-sex specific prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in NFHS-4, & NFHS-5

Fig. 3

Changes in prevalence of anaemia among children age 6–59 months from NFHS-4 (2015–16) to NFHS-5 (2019–20). Source: Created using ArcGIS Pro 2.6 (https://arcgis.pro/download-arcgis-pro-2-6-for-free/)