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. 2023 Jul 31;8(32):28984-28993.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01493. eCollection 2023 Aug 15.

Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Olive Leaf Extract Microcapsules on MCF-7 and A549 Cancer Cells

Yıldız Bal  1 , Yusuf Sürmeli  1   2 , Gülşah Şanlı-Mohamed  1   3
Affiliations

Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Olive Leaf Extract Microcapsules on MCF-7 and A549 Cancer Cells

Yıldız Bal et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Alginate microcapsules are a talented means for the delivery of broad curative biomacromolecules. In this study, we immobilized olive leaf extract (OLE) by calcium alginate (CA) and chitosan-coated CA (CCA) and characterized the OLE-loaded CA and CCA. The cytotoxic effect, the cell cycle arrest, and the apoptotic effect of OLE and its microcapsules were investigated against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and lung carcinoma (A549). As a result, the loading capacity of OLE-CA and OLE-CCA was found to be 80 and 99%, respectively, in optimal conditions. Also, OLE-CA and OLE-CCA were characterized by unique FTIR peaks and morphological display relative to the empty CCA microcapsules. The cytotoxicity analysis showed that the IC50 values of OLE-CA and OLE-CCA were determined to be 312 and 0.94 μg mL-1 against A549, respectively, whereas these were found to be 865.4 and 425.5 μg mL-1 for MCF-7 cells. On the other hand, the OLE microcapsules did not possess in any concentration of cytotoxic influence on the BEAS 2B healthy cell line. Also, the exposure of OLE-CCA to MCF-7 and A549 resulted in the arrest of more MCF-7 and A549 cells at the G0/G1 phase compared to the OLE. A549 and MCF-7 cells were predominantly found in the late apoptosis phase and necrosis phase, respectively. Optical microscopy images confirmed that OLE microcapsules were more effective against MCF-7 and A549 than free OLE. The present work suggested that the OLE microcapsules might be administered as nutrition supplements for cancer therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Optimization of OLE–CCA microcapsules at various concentrations of alginate (A) concentration, CaCl2 concentration (B), Tris–HCl buffer concentration (C), OLE concentration (D), chitosan concentration (E), and pH of Tris–HCl (F).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Characterization of the encapsulated OLE by calcium–alginate (OLE–CA) and/or chitosan-coated calcium–alginate (OLE–CCA) (A) loading capacity of CA and CCA at optimum conditions, (B) FTIR spectra of OLE–CCA and empty capsule CCA, (C) optical microscopy images of microcapsules CCA (a) and OLE–CCA (b), and (D) ESEM image of empty CCA (a,c) and OLE–CCA (b,d) microcapsules at 2500× and 1000× magnification, respectively.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cytotoxic effect of OLE, OLE–CA, and OLE–CCA on A549 (A), MCF-7 (B), and BEAS 2B (C) cell lines.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of OLE (a) and OLE–CCA (b) on cell cycle arrest in A549 cells.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Apoptotic effect of OLE–CCA on A549 (A) and MCF-7 (B).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Optical microscopy images of A549 and MCF-7 cells treated with OLE–CCA (B,D) as well as untreated (control) cell lines (A,C), respectively.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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