Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: An illustrated review

Abstract

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated adverse drug effect from unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin that results in thrombocytopenia and potentially catastrophic thrombosis. HIT occurs due to the development of platelet-activating antibodies against multimolecular complexes of platelet factor 4 and heparin. Given the frequency of thrombocytopenia and heparin use among hospitalized patients, calculation of the 4Ts Score is recommended to identify patients at increased likelihood of HIT and direct further evaluation. In patients with an intermediate or high probability 4Ts Score, an immunoassay and functional assay are recommended to confirm or refute the diagnosis of HIT. Heparin avoidance and initiation of nonheparin anticoagulation are the mainstays of acute HIT management. In this illustrated review, we provide visual summaries of the diagnosis and management of HIT, highlighting connections between pathophysiology and clinical care as well as summarizing efforts in quality improvement in the field. We further emphasize common pitfalls and pearls in diagnosis and management to encourage evidence-based care. We include graphical representation of the unique challenges of HIT with cardiopulmonary bypass and also delineate autoimmune HIT and its subtypes.

Keywords: anticoagulants; drug-related side effects and adverse reactions; heparin; quality improvement; thrombosis.