Advances and prospects of porphyrin derivatives in the energy field

Abstract

At present, porphyrin is developing rapidly in the fields of medicine, energy, catalysts, etc. More and more reports on its application are being published. This paper mainly takes the ingenious utilization of porphyrin derivatives in perovskite solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and lithium batteries as the background to review the design idea of functional materials based on the porphyrin structural unit in the energy sector. In addition, the modification and improvement strategies of porphyrin are presented by visually showing the molecular structures or the design synthesis routes of its functional materials. Finally, we provide some insights into the development of novel energy storage materials based on porphyrin frameworks.

Fig. 1. The self-assembled MD simulation of porphyrin derivatives Ce6 and hemin molecules. Copyright 2021, ACS. (b) The electrostatic potential of porphin molecule. (c) The absorption spectrum of porphin molecule., Copyright 2016, ACS. (d) HOMO and LUMO energy levels of porphin molecule obtained from DFT calculation.

Fig. 2. Common synthetic routes of porphyrin compounds.

Fig. 3. Mechanism and structure (n-i-p) of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells.

Fig. 4. (a)–(i) The structures of porphyrins doped into perovskite film mentioned in 2.1.

Fig. 5. The schematic diagram of Mn–porphyrins at perovskite and ETM anchored on TiO₂ through C–O–Ti bond.

Fig. 6. (a)–(i) The structures of porphyrins as an interfacial material mentioned in 2.2.

Fig. 7. (a) The chemical structure of DPPZn-TSEH; (b) the chemical structure of PCBM.

Fig. 8. (a) Energy level diagram for device components including varied HTMs; (b–e) the structure of porphyrins designed by Yeh's team.

Fig. 9. (a)–(i) The molecular structures of organic compounds as HTMs for PSCs mentioned above.

Fig. 10. Schematic representation of the principle of iodine electrolyte-based DSSC.

Fig. 11. (a)–(g) The molecular structure of common dyes for dye-sensitized solar cell.

Fig. 12. (a)–(e) Comparison of the molecular structure of porphyrin dye sensitizers and performance parameters of DSSCs devices mentioned in 3.1.

Fig. 13. (a)–(h) Metal-free organic dyes as co-sensitizer for DSSCs mentioned in the review.

Fig. 14. The structure of the co-adsorbent mentioned in this paper.

Fig. 15. (a)–(o) The molecular structure of porphyrin dyes for DSSC mentioned in 3.2.

Fig. 16. Schematic representation of the principle of organic lithium-ion battery based on the specific porphyrin.

Fig. 17. Diagram of porphyrin redox.

Fig. 18. (a–f) The structure of small molecule porphyrins; (g–h) the mesomeric transformations of CuDEPT.

Fig. 19. Synthesis route of COF, MOF, and CMP based on porphyrin unit. CC-nanohybrid, Copyright 2019, Wiley. Co-TCPP MOF/rGO, Copyright 2021, Elsevier. SNGS, Copyright 2018, Elsevier. TCPP/Si/TBNW, Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. PCN-600 (Fe), Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 20. (a)–(c) The molecular structure of porphyrins and the synthetic route of porphyrin polymers mentioned in 4.3. (R1)–(R3) The route diagram for R3 comes directly from the ref. , Copyright 2022, Willey.

Fig. 21. Synthesis route of porphyrin micro-polymers for capacitors.

Fig. 22. The application schematic illustration of porphyrin and its derivatives in the energy field.

Fig. 23. (a) Design ideas for modification of porphyrin-based materials, the meso-site marked with numbers 5, 10, 15, 20. (b) Reaction sites and modification strategies of pyropheophorbide (a). (c) Selected carbaporphyrinoid systems.