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. 2023 Nov;182(11):4969-4976.
doi: 10.1007/s00431-023-05163-1. Epub 2023 Aug 23.

Dose-dependent impact of human milk feeding on tidal breathing flow-volume loop parameters across the first 2 years of life in extremely low-birth-weight infants: a cohort study

Anna Lavizzari  1 , Benedetta Esposito  2 , Nicola Pesenti  3   4 , Alina Shaykhova  2 , Giulia Vizzari  5 , Marijke Ophorst  5 , Silvana Gangi  5 , Daniela Morniroli  2 , Mariarosa Colnaghi  5 , Fabio Mosca  5   2 , Maria L Giannì  5   2
Affiliations

Dose-dependent impact of human milk feeding on tidal breathing flow-volume loop parameters across the first 2 years of life in extremely low-birth-weight infants: a cohort study

Anna Lavizzari et al. Eur J Pediatr. 2023 Nov.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that higher consumption of human milk (HM) in preterm infants with birth weight (BW) <1000 g is associated with improved lung function in a dose-dependent manner over the first 2 years of corrected age (CA). This retrospective study at an academic medical center included infants with BW <1000g. They had lung function assessment by the tidal breathing flow-volume loop (TBFVL) follow-up visits at 0-3-, 3-6-, 6-12-, 12-18-, and 18-24-month CA. One hundred eighty infants were included in the study with a mean (SD) gestational age 26.5 (1.90) weeks and BW 772.4 (147.0) g, 50% were female, and 60% developed BPD. 62.8% of infants received HM during the NICU stay. According to a general linear model (including GA, being small for GA (SGA), sex, human milk percentage, sepsis, and BPD), on average, each week of GA resulted in a higher tPTEF/tE of 1.24 (p = 0.039) and being SGA in a lower tPTEF/tE of 5.75 (p = 0.013) at 0-3-month CA. A higher percentage of human milk out of the total enteral intake was associated with better tPTEF/tE z-scores at 0-3 months (p = 0.004) and 18-24 months of CA (p = 0.041). BPD diagnosis was associated with a relevantly worse tPTEF/tE z-score at 6-12 months of CA (p = 0.003).

Conclusion: Preterm infants with higher consumption of HM had significantly less airway obstruction across the first 2 years, suggesting that human milk may contribute in a dose-dependent manner to improve lung function in early childhood in former preterm infants born ELBW.

What is known: • Human milk feeding reduces the risk of prematurity-related morbidities, including necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, lower respiratory tract infections, and BPD. Both exclusive and partial human milk feeding appear to be associated with a lower risk of BPD in preterm infants.

What is new: • This cohort study of 180 preterm infants with birth weight < 1000 g found that exposure to human milk during hospitalization improves airway obstruction markers tPTEF/tE z-score over the first 2 years of corrected age in a dose-dependent manner.

Keywords: Follow-up; Lung function testing; Nutrition; Preterm.

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