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Comment
. 2023 Sep 5;120(36):e2311817120.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2311817120. Epub 2023 Aug 23.

Mildew RALPHs up in arms with cereals

Natsumi Maruta  1   2   3 , Megan A Outram  4 , Bostjan Kobe  1   2   3
Affiliations
Comment

Mildew RALPHs up in arms with cereals

Natsumi Maruta et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
(A) Schematic diagram (created using BioRender) of the molecular interactions between cereal crops and powdery mildew fungi. The presence of the fungal pathogen on the leaf surface is recognized by the plant cell-surface [pattern recognition receptors; an activated heterodimer complex (purple and green) is shown], leading to the PTI (pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity) response. However, the adapted fungal pathogen can establish haustoria by penetrating into the host epidermal cells and produce diverse effectors, including RALPHs, that are secreted into the host cytoplasm. Virulence RALPHs of different subfamilies (represented in different colors, green, blue, and red colors) target distinct host proteins involved in PTI, thereby suppressing PTI-mediated defence and achieving ETS (effector-triggered susceptibility). In turn, plants have evolved intracellular NLRs that detect specific avirulence RALPHs (represented in colors matching with the corresponding effectors), leading to strong immune responses (ETI). The pathogen effector repertoire expands under pressure to escape from the host NLR recognition, driving diversification of plant NLRs. (B) Structure (created using Pymol) of the Sr35:AvrSr35 resistosome. The LRR domain (magenta) of wheat NLR Sr35 directly interacts with AvrSr35 (cyan) from the stripe rust fungus, which leads to Sr35 oligomerization. The coiled-coil and “NB-ARC” domains of Sr35 are shown in green and blue, respectively. Protein Data Bank ID 7XC2 (4).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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