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. 2023 Jul 14;19(3):66.
doi: 10.3892/mco.2023.2662. eCollection 2023 Sep.

Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma: A single‑center study

Rawa M Ali  1   2 , Dana N Muhealdeen  3 , Saman S Fakhralddin  1   4 , Rawa Bapir  1   5   6 , Soran H Tahir  1   4 , Rezheen J Rashid  1   3 , Choman Sabah Omer  1 , Hiwa O Abdullah  1   6 , Berun A Abdalla  1   6 , Shvan H Mohammed  6 , Fahmi H Kakamad  1   4   6 , Fakher Abdullah  7 , Muhammad Karim  8 , Hawbash M Rahim  1   6   9
Affiliations

Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma: A single‑center study

Rawa M Ali et al. Mol Clin Oncol. .

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous and complex disease with numerous pathophysiologic variants. ~40% of patients succumb due to the progression of the disease, making RCC the most fatal of the common urologic malignancies. Prognostic factors are indicators of the progression of the disease, and the precise determination of these factors is important for evaluating and managing RCC. In the present study, it was aimed to determine and find associations among the histopathological features of RCCs and their impact on survival and metastasis. This is a cross-sectional study of RCC cases who have undergone partial or radical nephrectomy from March 2008 to October 2021 and have been pathologically reviewed at Shorsh General Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani, Iraq. The data in the pathology studies were supplemented by follow-up of the patients to obtain information about survival, recurrence and metastasis. In total, 228 cases of RCC were identified, among whom 60.5% were men and 39.5% were women, with a median age of 51 years. The main tumor types were clear cell RCC (71.1%), papillary RCC (13.6%), and chromophobe RCC (11%). Various measures of aggressiveness, including tumor necrosis, sarcomatoid change, microvascular invasion, and parameters of invasiveness (invasion of the renal sinus and other structures), were significantly correlated with each other, and they were also associated with reduced overall survival and an increased risk of metastasis on univariate analysis. However, on multivariate analysis, only tumor size and grade, and microvascular invasion retained statistical significance and were associated with a lower survival rate. In conclusion, pathological parameters have an impact on prognosis in RCC. The most consistent prognostic factors can be tumor size and grade, and microvascular invasion.

Keywords: kidney cancer; metastasis; prognosis; prognostic factors; renal cell carcinoma.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Univariate analysis of survival correlation with age.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Univariate analysis of survival correlation with tumor size.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Univariate analysis of survival correlation with tumor grade.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Univariate analysis of survival correlation with histologic morphotypes.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Univariate analysis of survival correlation with tumor stage.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Univariate analysis of metastatic correlation with tumor size.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Univariate analysis of metastatic correlation with tumor grade.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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