Nanoparticle-Based Treatment Approaches for Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Nanoparticles have shown marked promise as both antineoplastic agents and drug carriers. Despite strides made in immunomodulation, low success rates and toxicity remain limitations within the clinical oncology setting. In the present review, we assess advances in drug delivery nanoparticles, for systemic and topical use, in skin cancer treatment. A systematic review of controlled trials, meta-analyses, and Cochrane review articles was conducted. Eligibility criteria included: (1) a primary focus on nanoparticle utility for skin cancer; (2) available metrics on prevention and treatment outcomes; (3) detailed subject population; (4) English language; (5) archived as full-text journal articles. A total of 43 articles were selected for review. Qualitative analysis revealed that nanoscale systems demonstrate significant antineoplastic and anti-metastasis properties: increased drug bioavailability, reduced toxicity, enhanced permeability and retention effect, as well as tumor growth inhibition, among others. Nanoformulations for skin cancers have largely lagged behind those tested in other cancers-several of which have commercialized formulae. However, emerging evidence has indicated a powerful role for these carriers in targeting primary and metastatic skin cancers.

Keywords: drug carriers; inorganic; nanoparticle; organic; skin cancer; systematic review.

Figure 1

Nanoparticle types. There are two (2) major classes of nanoparticles: organic (polymeric and lipid-based) and inorganic. Each class has specific advantages and mechanisms. Polymeric nanoparticles proffer enhanced bioavailability and a controlled release profile, but they are limited by complex manufacturing and potential toxicity. Inorganic nanoparticles proffer uniquely tunable sizes, shapes, and conjugations, but they are limited by biodegradability concerns and long-term toxicity. Lipid nanoparticles proffer high biocompatibility and biodegradability, but they are limited by reduced payload capacities and stability challenges. PTT: photothermal therapy; PDT: photodynamic therapy. Figure created with Biorender.com.

Figure 2

PRISMA flow diagram.

Figure 3

Anti-cancer applications of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been tested in skin cancer treatment via four (4) primary treatment methods: photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, activating the immune system to attack cancer cells, and improving the delivery of chemotherapy to cancer cells. CD8+ T: CD8+ T cell. M: macrophage. NK: natural killer cell. ROS: reactive oxygen species. Figure created with Biorender.com.

Figure 4

Routes of administration. There are four primary routes of administration for NP-based skin cancer therapy: subcutaneous, transdermal, intravenous, and intra-arterial. Figure created with Biorender.com.