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Review
. 2023 Jul 31;10(8):327.
doi: 10.3390/jcdd10080327.

Interventions to Address Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Patients: Many Hands Make Light Work

Valeria Visco  1 , Carmine Izzo  1 , Davide Bonadies  1 , Federica Di Feo  1 , Giuseppe Caliendo  1 , Francesco Loria  1 , Costantino Mancusi  2 , Pierpaolo Chivasso  3 , Paola Di Pietro  1 , Nicola Virtuoso  4 , Albino Carrizzo  1   5 , Carmine Vecchione  1   5 , Michele Ciccarelli  1
Affiliations
Review

Interventions to Address Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Patients: Many Hands Make Light Work

Valeria Visco et al. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. .

Abstract

Obesity is a growing public health epidemic worldwide and is implicated in slowing improved life expectancy and increasing cardiovascular (CV) risk; indeed, several obesity-related mechanisms drive structural, functional, humoral, and hemodynamic heart alterations. On the other hand, obesity may indirectly cause CV disease, mediated through different obesity-associated comorbidities. Diet and physical activity are key points in preventing CV disease and reducing CV risk; however, these strategies alone are not always sufficient, so other approaches, such as pharmacological treatments and bariatric surgery, must support them. Moreover, these strategies are associated with improved CV risk factors and effectively reduce the incidence of death and CV events such as myocardial infarction and stroke; consequently, an individualized care plan with a multidisciplinary approach is recommended. More precisely, this review explores several interventions (diet, physical activity, pharmacological and surgical treatments) to address CV risk in obese patients and emphasizes the importance of adherence to treatments.

Keywords: bariatric surgery; cardiometabolic complications; cardiovascular risk; diet; lifestyle interventions; obesity; pharmacologic treatment; physical activity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The key electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, structural and functional changes associated with obesity.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of different dietary regimes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Strategy to enhance exercise adherence in obese patients [87,94,97,102].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Impact of exercise on mental health in obese patients [102,104,105,106].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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