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Review
. 2023 Aug 5;21(8):441.
doi: 10.3390/md21080441.

Secondary Metabolites, Biological Activities, and Industrial and Biotechnological Importance of Aspergillus sydowii

Sabrin R M Ibrahim  1   2 , Shaimaa G A Mohamed  3 , Baiaan H Alsaadi  4 , Maryam M Althubyani  4 , Zainab I Awari  5 , Hazem G A Hussein  6 , Abrar A Aljohani  7 , Jumanah Faisal Albasri  8 , Salha Atiah Faraj  9 , Gamal A Mohamed  10
Affiliations
Review

Secondary Metabolites, Biological Activities, and Industrial and Biotechnological Importance of Aspergillus sydowii

Sabrin R M Ibrahim et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Marine-derived fungi are renowned as a source of astonishingly significant and synthetically appealing metabolites that are proven as new lead chemicals for chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural fields. Aspergillus sydowii is a saprotrophic, ubiquitous, and halophilic fungus that is commonly found in different marine ecosystems. This fungus can cause aspergillosis in sea fan corals leading to sea fan mortality with subsequent changes in coral community structure. Interestingly, A. sydowi is a prolific source of distinct and structurally varied metabolites such as alkaloids, xanthones, terpenes, anthraquinones, sterols, diphenyl ethers, pyrones, cyclopentenones, and polyketides with a range of bioactivities. A. sydowii has capacity to produce various enzymes with marked industrial and biotechnological potential, including α-amylases, lipases, xylanases, cellulases, keratinases, and tannases. Also, this fungus has the capacity for bioremediation as well as the biocatalysis of various chemical reactions. The current work aimed at focusing on the bright side of this fungus. In this review, published studies on isolated metabolites from A. sydowii, including their structures, biological functions, and biosynthesis, as well as the biotechnological and industrial significance of this fungus, were highlighted. More than 245 compounds were described in the current review with 134 references published within the period from 1975 to June 2023.

Keywords: Aspergillus sydowii; bioremediation; biotechnology; drug discovery; enzymes; fungi; life on land; marine natural products; metabolites; renewable resources.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structures of sesquiterpenoids (1–21) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structures of sesquiterpenoids (22–41) reported from A. sydowii.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Biosynthetic pathway of compounds 5, 46, and 47: GPP: Geranyl diphosphate; FPP: Farnesyl diphosphate; IPP: Isopentenyl diphosphate [54].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Structures of sesquiterpenoids (42–58) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structures of mono- (59 and 60) and triterpenoids (61 and 62) and sterols (63–68) reported from A. sydowii.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
Biosynthetic pathway of compounds 59 and 60 [60].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Structures of xanthones (69–80) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Structures of xanthones (81–90) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Structures of quinones (91–99) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Structures of alkaloids (100–117) reported from A. sydowii.
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
Biosynthetic pathway of compounds 103–106 [48].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Structures of quinazoline alkaloids (118–126) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Structures of alkaloids (127–143) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Structures of phenyl ether derivatives (144–157) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Structures of phenyl ether derivatives (158–168) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Structures of chromane and coumarin derivatives (169–192) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Structures of pyrane, cyclopentene, cyclopropane, and lactone derivatives (193–216) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Other metabolites (217–246) reported from A. sydowii.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Number of metabolites reported from A. sydowii per year.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Different classes of metabolites reported from A. sydowii. AnTs: anthocyanins; SQT: sesquiterpenes; MT: monoterpenes; OMs: other metabolites; PHs: phenols; TRT: triterpens; ST: sterols: XT: xanthones; QU: quinones; ALK: alkaloids; PhEs: phenyl ethers; CHs: chromanes; COs: coumarins; Pys: pyranes; CPEs cyclopentenes; CyPr: cyclopropane, and lactone derivatives.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Number of metabolites evaluated for each bioactivity.
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