Practical Use of Immortalized Cells in Medicine: Current Advances and Future Perspectives

Abstract

In modern science, immortalized cells are not only a convenient tool in fundamental research, but they are also increasingly used in practical medicine. This happens due to their advantages compared to the primary cells, such as the possibility to produce larger amounts of cells and to use them for longer periods of time, the convenience of genetic modification, the absence of donor-to-donor variability when comparing the results of different experiments, etc. On the other hand, immortalization comes with drawbacks: possibilities of malignant transformation and/or major phenotype change due to genetic modification itself or upon long-term cultivation appear. At first glance, such issues are huge hurdles in the way of immortalized cells translation into medicine. However, there are certain ways to overcome such barriers that we describe in this review. We determined four major areas of usage of immortalized cells for practical medicinal purposes, and each has its own means to negate the drawbacks associated with immortalization. Moreover, here we describe specific fields of application of immortalized cells in which these problems are of much lesser concern, for example, in some cases where the possibility of malignant growth is not there at all. In general, we can conclude that immortalized cells have their niches in certain areas of practical medicine where they can successfully compete with other therapeutic approaches, and more preclinical and clinical trials with them should be expected.

Keywords: immortalized cells; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of two strategies of cellular product acquisition and application for practical purposes: use of primary cells and use of immortalized cells. Advantages and disadvantages are listed for each strategy.

Figure 2

Pipeline of immortalized autologous imMKCL megakaryocytes and iPSC-PLT platelets engineering and application presented in articles by Sugimoto et al. [59,60].

Figure 3

Areas of application of immortalized cells as therapeutic substance deliverers.

Figure 4

Signaling pathway of interferon expression followed by near-infrared light exposure of the hTERT-MSC Optoferon line obtained and tested in work by Audoard et al. [130].