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Review
. 2023 Jul 28;13(8):1640.
doi: 10.3390/life13081640.

Urine Parameters in Patients with COVID-19 Infection

Maria Morello  1   2   3 , Dominga Amoroso  1   2 , Felicia Losacco  1   2 , Marco Viscovo  1   2 , Massimo Pieri  1   2   3 , Sergio Bernardini  1   2   3 , Gaspare Adorno  2   4
Affiliations
Review

Urine Parameters in Patients with COVID-19 Infection

Maria Morello et al. Life (Basel). .

Abstract

A urine test permits the measure of several urinary markers. This is a non-invasive method for early monitoring of potential kidney damage. In COVID-19 patients, alterations of urinary markers were observed. This review aims to evaluate the utility of urinalysis in predicting the severity of COVID-19. A total of 68 articles obtained from PubMed studies reported that (i) the severity of disease was related to haematuria and proteinuria and that (ii) typical alterations of the urinary sediment were noticed in COVID-19-associated AKI patients. This review emphasizes that urinalysis and microscopic examination support clinicians in diagnosing and predicting COVID-19 severity.

Keywords: COVID-19 infection; acute kidney injury (AKI); biomarkers; inflammatory cytokines; urinalysis; urine parameters.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biochemical urine parameters in COVID-19 patients, as reported in literature. Abbreviations: BLOOD, urine occult blood; PRO, proteinuria; GLU, glucose; LEU, leukocyturia; KET, ketones; SG, specific gravity; PH, potential of hydrogen. References: for PH [7,8,26,42]; for PRO (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [2,7,8,11,29], (b) COVID-19 AKI [25], (c) COVID-19 mortality [9,25]; for GLU [7,8,11]; for LEU (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,42], (b) COVID-19 AKI [25]; for KET [16]; for SG [4,5,10,16]; for BLOOD (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,10,11,29], (b) COVID-19 AKI [16,22,44], (c) COVID-19 mortality [14,16].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Graphic representation of the percentage of COVID-19 patients with different outcomes in whom principal biochemical parameters (GLU, LEU, BLOOD, PRO) are detected. BLOOD and PRO are correlated with worse outcomes of disease because they are higher in severe COVID-19 patients, AKI COVID-19 patients, and non-survivor patients.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Association of inflammatory cytokines with different outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Abbreviations: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), procalcitonin level (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP). References: SEVERE AND CRITICAL COVID-19 [44,54]; COVID-19 AKI [18,53]; COVID-19 MORTALITY [53].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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