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. 2023 Dec 31;253(Pt 1):126571.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126571. Epub 2023 Aug 28.

Non-cytotoxic, highly functionalized cellulose nanocrystals with high crystallinity and thermal stability derived from a novel agromass of Elettaria cardamomum, using a soft and benign mild oxalic acid hydrolysis

Reeba Mary Cherian  1 , Rini Thresia Varghese  2 , Tijo Antony  3 , Akshit Malhotra  4 , Hanieh Kargarzadeh  5 , Suchitra Rajput Chauhan  6 , Ashwini Chauhan  4 , Cintil Jose Chirayil  7 , Sabu Thomas  8
Affiliations

Non-cytotoxic, highly functionalized cellulose nanocrystals with high crystallinity and thermal stability derived from a novel agromass of Elettaria cardamomum, using a soft and benign mild oxalic acid hydrolysis

Reeba Mary Cherian et al. Int J Biol Macromol. .

Abstract

Non-cytotoxic, highly crystalline, and functionalized, thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals are extracted from the stems of Elettaria cardamom, a novel underutilised agromass, by employing a neat green, mild oxalic acid hydrolysis. The protocol involves a chemo-mechanical strategy of coupling hydrolysis with steam explosion and homogenization. The obtained CNC showed a crystallinity index of 81.51 %, an aspect ratio of 17.80 ± 1.03 and a high degradation temperature of about 339.07 °C. The extraction procedure imparted a high negative surface functionalization with a zeta potential value of -34.244 ± 0.496 mV and a polydispersity of 16.5 %. The CNC had no antibacterial activity, according to non-cytotoxic experiments conducted on four bacterial strains. This supports the notion of "One Health" in the context of AMR by demonstrating the safety of antibiotic resistance due to consistent exposure upon environmental disposal. The as-extracted nanocellulose crystals can be a potential candidate for commercial application in wide and diversified disciplines like food packaging, anti-infective surfaces for medical devices, biosensors, bioelectronics etc.

Keywords: Circular economy; Nanocellulose; Nanocrystalline cellulose; Non-cytotoxic; One health; Organic hydrolysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication among the authors and the authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: R.M.C would like to acknowledge the fellowship provided by M.G. University. RMC, RTV, TA, CJC would like to acknowledge The Principal of Newman College, Thodupuzha. A.C. would like to acknowledge UGC-BSR (F.30–487/2019(BSR)), DST-Nanomission (DST/NM/NB/2018/203), ICMR (OMI/20/2020-ECD-1), and SERB-CRG (CRG/2021/001974) for the research funding support. S.R.C would like to acknowledge SERB-CRG Project (CRG/2020/006144) for the research funding support. The Research Fellowship of A.M. is supported by DST-Nanomission (DST/NM/NB/2018/203).

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