Efficacy of clove and tulsi supplementation in drinking water in broiler immunity

Abstract

Background: Medicinal plants or their products are popular substitutes for antibiotics or other synthetic growth promoters for their beneficial effects and cost-effectiveness. Clove (Cv) and tulsi (Ts) are rich in phytochemicals and are used to augment the growth performance of poultry.

Objectives: The current investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of Cv and Ts supplementation in drinking water on the morphologic and morphometric adaptations in the lymphoid organs.

Methods: The experiment was conducted on 60 broiler chicks, divided into 4 homogenous groups (5 pens/group and 3 broilers/pen) named T0 (control), T1 (0.5% Cv and 2% Ts), T2 (1% Cv and 3% Ts) and T3 (1.5% Cv and 4% Ts). The treatments were administered from days 8 to 28. Lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius) were collected on days 14, 21 and 28 after sacrificing five broilers from each group.

Results: The treatment groups had higher thymus and spleen weights on day 21, whereas the weights of the bursa of Fabricius were higher on days 14, 21 and 28. In the histomorphologic study, no noticeable difference in the histoarchitectures of the lymphoid organs was noticed. However, substantial differences in the cortico-medullary ratio and the number of follicles in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, respectively, were found in the histomorphometric investigation.

Conclusion: The inclusion of Cv and Ts in drinking water augments the weight of lymphoid organs with histomorphometric adaptations that might improve the immune status in broilers.

Keywords: bursa of Fabricius; medicinal plants; phytochemicals; spleen; thymus.

FIGURE 1

Histomorphology of broiler thymus of different experimental groups (haematoxylin–eosin stained). T0 represents the control group; T1, T2 and T3 groups represent the supplementation of 0.5% clove + 2% tulsi, 1% clove + 3% tulsi, and 1.5% clove and 4% tulsi, respectively. Cx—cortex; M—medulla. Magnification—100×, scale bar—50 μm.

FIGURE 2

Histomorphology of broiler spleen of different experimental groups (haematoxylin–eosin stained). T0 represents the control group; T1, T2 and T3 groups represent the supplementation of 0.5% clove + 2% tulsi, 1% clove + 3% tulsi, and 1.5% clove and 4% tulsi, respectively. Rp—red pulp; Wp—white pulp. Magnification—100×, scale bar—50 μm.

FIGURE 3

Histomorphology of broiler bursa of Fabricius of different experimental groups (haematoxylin–eosin stained). T0 represents the control group; T1, T2 and T3 groups represent the supplementation of 0.5% clove + 2% tulsi, 1% clove + 3% tulsi, and 1.5% clove and 4% tulsi, respectively. Cx—cortex, M—medulla. Magnification—100×, scale bar—50 μm.