Oral frailty five-item checklist to predict adverse health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults: A Kashiwa cohort study

Abstract

Aim: To enable easy assessment of oral frailty; that is, an overlapping slight decline in multifaceted oral function, in any setting, we developed the oral frailty five-item checklist (OF-5), and examined its predictive validity for increased risks of physical frailty, physical disability and mortality among community-dwelling older adults.

Methods: This population-based cohort study randomly selected 2044 residents in Kashiwa, Japan, with no long-term care needs. Baseline data were collected in 2012, and follow-up data were collected in 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2021. The OF-5 includes five measures: fewer teeth, difficulty in chewing, difficulty in swallowing, dry mouth and low articulatory oral motor skills. Physical frailty was defined according to the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. Physical disability and mortality determined from the long-term care insurance receipt database were followed for 9 years.

Results: Of 2031 eligible participants (mean age 73.1 ± 5.6 years; 51.1% women), 39.3% individuals with ≥2 OF-5 points had significantly increased prevalence and new-onset rate of physical frailty. After adjusting for potential confounders, oral frailty, defined as ≥2 OF-5 points, was associated with increased risks of physical disability (adjusted hazard ratio 1.40; 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.72) and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.44; 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.87). The highest adjusted hazard ratios were observed in older adults with coexisting physical and oral frailty.

Conclusions: The OF-5 showed strong predictive validity for physical frailty, physical disability and mortality in Japanese older adults. This assessment tool can be implemented in various settings and foster comprehensive prevention through interprofessional collaboration. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 651-659.

Keywords: assessment; frailty; long-term care; mortality; oral health.

Figure 1

Kaplan–Meier curves for (a, b) physical disability and (c, d) mortality stratified by oral frailty status. Kaplan–Meier curves for physical disability stratified by (a) oral frailty status and (b) oral and physical frailty status at baseline. Kaplan–Meier curves for mortality stratified by (c) oral frailty status and (d) oral and physical frailty status at baseline.