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Review
. 2023 Aug 16:13:1224778.
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1224778. eCollection 2023.

Eco-friendly synthesized nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: an updated review

Shilpa Borehalli Mayegowda  1 , Arpita Roy  2 , Manjula N G  3 , Soumya Pandit  4   5 , Saad Alghamdi  6 , Mazen Almehmadi  7 , Mamdouh Allahyani  7 , Nasser S Awwad  8 , Rohit Sharma  9
Affiliations
Review

Eco-friendly synthesized nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: an updated review

Shilpa Borehalli Mayegowda et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. .

Abstract

Green synthesis of NPs has gained extensive acceptance as they are reliable, eco-friendly, sustainable, and stable. Chemically synthesized NPs cause lung inflammation, heart problems, liver dysfunction, immune suppression, organ accumulation, and altered metabolism, leading to organ-specific toxicity. NPs synthesized from plants and microbes are biologically safe and cost-effective. These microbes and plant sources can consume and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their adjacent niches, thus synthesizing extracellular and intracellular NPs. These inherent characteristics of biological cells to process and modify inorganic metal ions into NPs have helped explore an area of biochemical analysis. Biological entities or their extracts used in NPs include algae, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, yeasts, and plants, with varying capabilities through the bioreduction of metallic NPs. These biosynthesized NPs have a wide range of pharmaceutical applications, such as tissue engineering, detection of pathogens or proteins, antimicrobial agents, anticancer mediators, vehicles for drug delivery, formulations for functional foods, and identification of pathogens, which can contribute to translational research in medical applications. NPs have various applications in the food and drug packaging industry, agriculture, and environmental remediation.

Keywords: DNA damage; anticancer agents; antimicrobial agents; antioxidant activity; drug delivery; eco-friendly; green synthesis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Implication of green nanotechnology.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Green synthesis of nanomaterials using various biological components and their applications.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Illustration of the mechanism of action of nanoparticles in the destruction of bacterial cells. 1. Metal nanoparticles destroyed the cell wall and cell membrane. 2. Ions generated from metal NP bind to and denature ribosomes. 3. ROS production. 4. Accumulation of nanoparticles rupturing the cell membrane 5. Alteration of the protein structure leading to damage. 6. DNA denaturation. 7. Metal ions that inhibit the electron transport chain. 8. Metal NPs bind to the receptor, causing a change in confirmation.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The mode of action of Ag nanoparticles through attachment to the surface proteins and viral genome leads to the blockage of replication.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Side-effects of overdosing of nanoparticles on different levels of organization.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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