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Review
. 2023 Aug 15;14(8):1194-1201.
doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i8.1194.

Ten-year review of trends in children with type 1 diabetes in England and Wales

Sze M Ng  1   2   3 , Astha Soni  4
Affiliations
Review

Ten-year review of trends in children with type 1 diabetes in England and Wales

Sze M Ng et al. World J Diabetes. .

Abstract

This review describes the prevalence, incidence, and demographics of children and young people (CYP) with type 1 diabetes in England and Wales using data from the United Kingdom National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA) and has almost 100% submission from all paediatric diabetes centres annually. It is a powerful benchmarking tool and is an essential part of a long-term quality improvement programme for CYP with diabetes. Clinical characteristics of this population by age, insulin regimen, complication rates, health inequalities, access to diabetes technology, socioeconomic deprivation and glycaemic outcomes over the past decade is described in the review. The NPDA for England and Wales is commissioned by the United Kingdom Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership as part of the National Clinical Audit for the United Kingdom National Service Framework for Diabetes. The rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes is evidenced in the past decade. Reduction in national median glycated hemoglobin for CYP with diabetes is observed over the last 10 years and the improvement sustained by various initiatives and quality improvement pro-grammes implemented with universal health coverage.

Keywords: Glycated hemoglobin; Outcomes; Paediatric; Trends; Type 1.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Median glycated hemoglobin of all types of diabetes in England and Wales from 2009/2010 to 2020/2021 for children and young people under the age of 18 years (permission to reproduce from National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership). Citation: National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Annual Report 2021-22: Care Processes and Outcomes. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2023. Copyright © 2023 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (Supplementary material).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean glycated hemoglobin for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes in England and Wales by ethnic group from 2003/2004 to 2020/2021 (permission to reproduce from National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership). Citation: National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Annual Report 2021-22: Care Processes and Outcomes. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2023. Copyright © 2023 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (Supplementary material).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean glycated hemoglobin for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes by deprivation quintile, 2013/2014 to 2020/2021 (permission to reproduce from National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership). Citation: National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Annual Report 2021-22: Care Processes and Outcomes. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2023. Copyright © 2023 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (Supplementary material).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Percentage of children and young people with Type 1 diabetes with thyroid or coeliac disease in England and Wales, 2014/2015 to 2020/2021. Prevalence of coeliac disease was highest among the white children and young people (CYP) and thyroid disease was commonest among the Asian CYP in 2020/2021. Citation: National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Annual Report 2021-22: Care Processes and Outcomes. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2023. Copyright © 2023 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (Supplementary material).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Percentage of children and young people who completed a full year of care recorded as receiving individual health checks, 2004/2005 to 2020/2021. Citation: National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Annual Report 2021-22: Care Processes and Outcomes. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2023. Copyright © 2023 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (Supplementary material).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Percentage of children and young people either on daily insulin injections or pump therapy by age group, 2014/15 to 2020 /21. Citation: National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Annual Report 2021-2022: Care Processes and Outcomes. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2023. Copyright © 2023 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (Supplementary material).
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