Electromagnetic interference from automobile passive keyless entry in cardiovascular implantable electronic devices

Abstract

Introduction: The automobile passive keyless entry (PKE) system is a potential source of electromagnetic interference (EMI). We aim to determine the incidence and significance of EMI from automobile PKE system in cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) patients.

Methods: This was a single-center cross-sectional study conducted at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai hospital, Thailand. Patients with CIED were instructed to lock and unlock two automobiles using the PKE system. Any EMI or arrhythmias were detected by CIED interrogation and single-lead electrocardiogram event recorder. We also used a spectrum analyzer to identify the automobiles working frequency bandwidth.

Results: There was a total of 102 CIED patients. Device types included 48.0% defibrillators, 37.3% permanent pacemakers, and 14.7% cardiac resynchronization therapy device. Both interrogated data from device and event monitor revealed no incidence of EMI during the PKE activation. We failed to identify the working frequency bandwidth of the two studied cars due to very low signal strength, thus blended in with the background noise.

Conclusions: Automobile PKE systems transmitted very low power signals. Therefore, under normal circumstances, CIED patients can use automobile PKE system safely without any EMI regardless of key fob positions in relation to the CIED pulse generator.

Trial registration: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov), and the identification number is NCT03016390.

Keywords: Keyless entry; automobile; cardiovascular implantable electronic device; electromagnetic interference; pacemaker; radiofrequency.