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. 2023 Aug 22:16:1234841.
doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1234841. eCollection 2023.

Influence of bisphenol A and its analog bisphenol S on cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-positive enteric neurons in the mouse gastrointestinal tract

Krystyna Makowska  1 , Kainã R C Fagundes  2 , Sławomir Gonkowski  3
Affiliations

Influence of bisphenol A and its analog bisphenol S on cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-positive enteric neurons in the mouse gastrointestinal tract

Krystyna Makowska et al. Front Mol Neurosci. .

Abstract

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in large quantities for the production of plastics and is present in various everyday objects. It penetrates living organisms and shows multidirectional adverse influence on many internal organs. For this reason, BPA is often replaced in plastic production by other substances. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS), whose effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS) have not been explained.

Methods: Therefore, the present study compares the influence of BPA and BPS on the number of enteric neurons immunoreactive to cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide located in the ENS of the stomach, jejunum and colon with the use of double immunofluorescence method.

Results: The obtained results have shown that both bisphenols studied induced an increase in the number of CART-positive enteric neurons, and the severity of changes depended on the type of enteric ganglion, the dose of bisphenols and the segment of the digestive tract. The most visible changes were noted in the myenteric ganglia in the colon. Moreover, in the colon, the changes submitted by BPS are more noticeable than those observed after BPA administration. In the stomach and jejunum, bisphenol-induced changes were less visible, and changes caused by BPS were similar or less pronounced than those noted under the impact of BPA, depending on the segment of the gastrointestinal tract and ganglion type studied.

Discussion: The results show that BPS affects the enteric neurons containing CART in a similar way to BPA, and the BPS impact is even stronger in the colon. Therefore, BPS is not neutral for the gastrointestinal tract and ENS.

Keywords: bisphenol A; bisphenol S; digestive tract; endocrine disruptors; enteric neurons; mouse.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution pattern of neuronal cells immunoreactive to protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) – used as pan neuronal marker and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptide in the myenteric plexus of porcine stomach (first row), jejunum (second row), and colon (third row) under physiological conditions (C) and after administration of small dose (BPA1) and high dose (BPA2) of bisphenol A. The pictures are the result of the overlap of both staining. The arrows are pointing neurons immunoreactive for both – PGP 9.5 and CART.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution pattern of neuronal cells immunoreactive to protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) – used as pan neuronal marker and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptide in the submucous plexus of porcine stomach (first row), jejunum (second row), and colon (third row) under physiological conditions (C) and after administration of small dose (BPA1) and high dose (BPA2) of bisphenol A. The pictures are the result of the overlap of both staining. The arrows are pointing neurons immunoreactive for both – PGP 9.5 and CART.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution pattern of neuronal cells immunoreactive to protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) – used as pan neuronal marker and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptide in the myenteric plexus of porcine stomach (first row), jejunum (second row), and colon (third row) under physiological conditions (C) and after administration of small dose (BPS1) and high dose (BPS2) of bisphenol S. The pictures are the result of the overlap of both staining. The arrows are pointing neurons immunoreactive for both – PGP 9.5 and CART.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution pattern of neuronal cells immunoreactive to protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) – used as pan neuronal marker and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptide in the submucous plexus of porcine stomach (first row), jejunum (second row), and colon (third row) under physiological conditions (C) and after administration of small dose (BPS1) and high dose (BPS2) of bisphenol S. The pictures are the result of the overlap of both staining. The arrows are pointing neurons immunoreactive for both – PGP 9.5 and CART.
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