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Review
. 2023 Aug 24;24(17):13157.
doi: 10.3390/ijms241713157.

Latest Research of Doped Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering

Diana-Elena Radulescu  1 , Otilia Ruxandra Vasile  1   2   3 , Ecaterina Andronescu  1   2   3 , Anton Ficai  1   2   3
Affiliations
Review

Latest Research of Doped Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering

Diana-Elena Radulescu et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering has attracted great interest in the last few years, as the frequency of tissue-damaging or degenerative diseases has increased exponentially. To obtain an ideal treatment solution, researchers have focused on the development of optimum biomaterials to be applied for the enhancement of bioactivity and the regeneration process, which are necessary to support the proper healing process of osseous tissues. In this regard, hydroxyapatite (HA) has been the most widely used material in the biomedical field due to its great biocompatibility and similarity with the native apatite from the human bone. However, HA still presents some deficiencies related to its mechanical properties, which are essential for HA to be applied in load-bearing applications. Bioactivity is another vital property of HA and is necessary to further improve regeneration and antibacterial activity. These drawbacks can be solved by doping the material with trace elements, adapting the properties of the material, and, finally, sustaining bone regeneration without the occurrence of implant failure. Considering these aspects, in this review, we have presented some general information about HA properties, synthesis methods, applications, and the necessity for the addition of doping ions into its structure. Also, we have presented their influence on the properties of HA, as well as the latest applications of doped materials in the biomedical field.

Keywords: biocompatibility; bone tissue engineering; doping; hydroxyapatite; mechanical properties.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. Diana-Elena Radulescu is an employee of MDPI; however, they did not work for the journal IJMS at the time of submission and publication.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Representation of bone formation process [3].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Representation of HA crystal structure and applications of doped nanoparticles [12].
Figure 3
Figure 3
The crystal structure of HA [16].
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Chronological representation of HA synthesis routes [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50].
Figure 4
Figure 4
HA incorporation into organic/inorganic materials in order to improve bone tissue regeneration [89].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representation of doped and non-doped HA. Reproduced with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012 [38].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic representation of stoichiometric HA structure (a) of Cu–HA (blue arrow), featuring the localization of the copper cation, either at the site of the calcium cation (b) or in the hydroxyl channel. (c) The arrow indicates the position of the copper atom [156].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Natural sources used to obtain HA: (a) biowaste/animal bones; (b) eggshells; (c) marine organisms; (d) naturally derived biomolecules; (e) biomembranes. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier, 2013 [206].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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