Dietary Vitamin E Isoforms Intake: Development of a New Tool to Assess Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Intake in Adults

Abstract

Due to the documented health benefits of tocopherols and tocotrienols as bioactive compounds, it seems important to assess their intake. The aim of this study was to develop a new tool and its application for assessment of tocopherol and tocotrienol intake in adults. Dietary data were collected by semiquantitative FFQ (VitE-FFQ) and by a 1-day dietary record in a group of 447 subjects. The database of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) was used to calculate the individual isoforms of vitamin E and develop the tool-VIT_E.CAL. The assessment of measuring agreement between the two methods was conducted by analysis of the correlations and Bland-Altman plots. The average α-tocopherol intake was 11.3 mg/day for the data obtained using the FFQ method and 12.8 mg/day for the results obtained using the 1-day dietary record. Depending on the adopted recommendation, only 40-57% of the subjects had adequate vitamin E intake. The intake of α-tocopherol did not exceed the UL value in any of the respondents. The dominant forms of vitamin E in the diet of the studied group were α- and γ- forms (55% and 38% of the total sum) among tocopherols and β- and γ- forms (49% and 24% of the total sum) among tocotrienols. VIT_E.CAL allows us to calculate not only the total amount of vitamin E but also its eight isoforms. It can be a useful tool to assess individual and group intake of various forms of vitamin E in the diet. The use of VIT_E.CAL enables the proper assessment of vitamin E (as α-tocopherol and not α-tocopherol equivalent) in the diet of Poles, and most likely also in the European diet. The obtained results indicate the need to take into account the content of individual forms of vitamin E in food/diet, which will allow for a reliable assessment of its consumption. It also seems necessary to standardize the nomenclature regarding the name of vitamin E and its use for correct nutritional assessment.

Keywords: adequate intake; dietary assessment; dietary intake; vitamin E.

Figure 1

The design of the study.

Figure 2

Correlation analysis between VitE-FFQ results and 1-day dietary record for daily intake of α-tocopherol (A), β-tocopherol (B), γ-tocopherol (C), δ-tocopherol (D), and sum of tocopherols (E).

Figure 3

Correlation analysis between VitE-FFQ results and 1-day dietary record for daily intake of α-tocotrienol (A), β-tocotrienol (B), γ-tocotrienol (C), δ-tocotrienol (D), and sum of tocotrienols (E).

Figure 4

Correlation analysis between VitE-FFQ results and 1-day dietary record for daily intake of α-tocopherol equivalents.

Figure 5

Bland–Altman plots comparing results of α-tocopherol (A), β-tocopherol (B), γ-tocopherol (C), δ-tocopherol (D), and sum of tocopherols (E) intake using the VitE-FFQ and 1-day dietary record.

Figure 6

Bland–Altman plots comparing consumption data for α-tocotrienol (A), β-tocotrienol (B), γ-tocotrienol (C), δ-tocotrienol (D), and sum of tocotrienols (E) using the VitE-FFQ and 1-day dietary record.

Figure 7

Bland–Altman plot comparing α-tocopherol equivalent intake data obtained from the VitE-FFQ and 1-day dietary record.