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Review
. 2023 Aug 30;15(17):3804.
doi: 10.3390/nu15173804.

Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D on Vaginal, Sexual, and Urological Functions in Postmenopausal Women

Mohammed M Hassanein  1 , Hasniza Zaman Huri  1 , Abduelmula R Abduelkarem  2   3 , Kauser Baig  4
Affiliations
Review

Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D on Vaginal, Sexual, and Urological Functions in Postmenopausal Women

Mohammed M Hassanein et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed the emergence of growing evidence concerning vitamin D's potential role in women's health, specifically in postmenopausal women. This evidence also includes its connection to various genitourinary disorders and symptoms. Numerous clinical studies have observed improvements in vulvovaginal symptoms linked to the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) with vitamin D supplementation. These studies have reported positive effects on various aspects, such as vaginal pH, dryness, sexual functioning, reduced libido, and decreased urinary tract infections. Many mechanisms underlying these pharmacological effects have since been proposed. Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) have been identified as a major contributor to its effects. It is now well known that VDRs are expressed in the superficial layers of the urogenital organs. Additionally, vitamin D plays a crucial role in supporting immune function and modulating the body's defense mechanisms. However, the characterization of these effects requires more investigation. Reviewing existing evidence regarding vitamin D's impact on postmenopausal women's vaginal, sexual, and urological health is the purpose of this article. As research in this area continues, there is a potential for vitamin D to support women's urogenital and sexual health during the menopausal transition and postmenopausal periods.

Keywords: menopause; sexual health; therapeutic use; urinary tract infections; vagina; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D receptor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Synthesis, Metabolism, and Effects of Vitamin D on Urogenital Tissues.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of Vitamin D on Vaginal pH.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D Urogenital Functions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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