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Review
. 2023 Sep 4;13(17):2486.
doi: 10.3390/nano13172486.

Advances in Nanomaterials Based on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

Ermelinda Bloise  1   2 , Maria Rosaria Lazzoi  1 , Lucia Mergola  1 , Roberta Del Sole  1 , Giuseppe Mele  1
Affiliations
Review

Advances in Nanomaterials Based on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

Ermelinda Bloise et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), obtained as a byproduct of the cashew industry, represents an important natural source of phenolic compounds, with important environmental benefits due to the large availability and low cost of the unique renewable starting material, that can be used as an alternative to synthetic substances in many industrial applications. The peculiarity of the functional groups of CNSL components, such as phenolic hydroxyl, the aromatic ring, acid functionality, and unsaturation(s) in the C15 alkyl side chain, permitted the design of interesting nanostructures. Cardanol (CA), anacardic acid (AA), and cardol (CD), opportunely isolated from CNSL, served as building blocks for generating an amazing class of nanomaterials with chemical, physical, and morphological properties that can be tuned in view of their applications, particularly focused on their bioactive properties.

Keywords: CNSL; anacardic acid; cardanol; green chemistry; nanostructures; renewable materials.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. There was no need for ethics approval for the present research.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cashew pedicel, fruit, and mesocarp filled with CNSL.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Constituents of CNSL.
Figure 3
Figure 3
LS of larvae treated, showing the midgut region epithelial cells (ECs), peritrophic membrane (PM), and midgut content (MC) of (A) control, (B) LC50 (24 h) of bulk CNSL, and (C) LC50 (24 h) of nano-CNSL observed at 100× magnification. Reproduced from ref. [12], Elsevier, 2019.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Schematic representation of preparation of magnetic phthalocyanines: step (1) ferrofluid produced with a mixture of Fe3O4 and oleic acid; step (2) reaction of ferrofluid with phthalocyanines. (b) Influence of the magnetic field under the suspension of Fe3O4@OA/Pc in ethanol. Reproduced from ref. [18], MDPI, 2019.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Solvent-free batch method for the preparation of CNSL-based nanovesicles.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Uptake study of fluorescent CA nanovesicles in HeLa cells (A) and human macrophages (B) after 24 and 48 h of incubation. The dashed squares are higher-magnification images of the selected area. Uptake quantification and co-localization studies are reported on the right-hand side. Reproduced from ref. [34], Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Active molecules encapsulated in CA-based nanovesicles via the solvent-free batch method (porphyrin–cardanol hybrid [30], phthalazine derivatives [32], chlorogenic acid [31], cannabidiol [33], and rhodamine B [34]).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Synthetic scheme of microfluidic preparation of CA-based nanostructures. Reproduced from ref. [35], American Chemical Society, 2022.
Figure 9
Figure 9
TEM images of AA-capped (a) Cd sulfide, (b) Cd selenide, and (c) Cd telluride, and (d) HRTEM image of Cd telluride nanoparticles synthesized at 140 °C. Reproduced from ref. [48], Springer Nature, 2014.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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