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. 2023 Aug 29;28(17):6324.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28176324.

Biogenic Nanoparticles Silver and Copper and Their Composites Derived from Marine Alga Ulva lactuca: Insight into the Characterizations, Antibacterial Activity, and Anti-Biofilm Formation

Ragaa A Hamouda  1   2 , Mada A Alharthi  1 , Amenah S Alotaibi  3 , Asma Massad Alenzi  3 , Doha A Albalawi  3 , Rabab R Makharita  1   4
Affiliations

Biogenic Nanoparticles Silver and Copper and Their Composites Derived from Marine Alga Ulva lactuca: Insight into the Characterizations, Antibacterial Activity, and Anti-Biofilm Formation

Ragaa A Hamouda et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Bacterial pathogens cause pain and death, add significantly to the expense of healthcare globally, and pose a serious concern in many aspects of daily life. Additionally, they raise significant issues in other industries, including pharmaceuticals, clothing, and food packaging. Due to their unique properties, a great deal of attention has been given to biogenic metal nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and their applications against pathogenic bacteria. This study is focused on biogenic silver and copper nanoparticles and their composites (UL/Ag2 O-NPS, Ul/CuO-NPs, and Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs) produced by the marine green alga Ulva lactuca. The characterization of biogenic nanoparticles UL/Ag2 O-NPS and Ul/CuO-NPs and their composites Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs has been accomplished by FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, and the zeta potential. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) experiments were conducted to prove antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and anti-biofilm. The FTIR spectroscopy results indicate the exiting band at 1633 cm-1, which represents N-H stretching in nanocomposites, with a small shift in both copper and silver nanoparticles, which is responsible for the bio-reduction of nanoparticles. The TEM image reveals that the Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs were hexagonal, and the size distribution ranged from 10 to 35 nm. Meanwhile, Ul/CuO-NPs are rod-shaped, whereas UL/Ag2 O-NPS are spherical. The EDX analysis shows that Cu metal was present in a high weight percentage over Ag in the case of bio-Ag/Cu-NCMs. The X-ray diffraction denotes that Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs, UL/CuO-NPs, and UL/Ag2 O-NPS were crystalline. The results predicted by the zeta potential demonstrate that Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs were more stable than Ul/CuO-NPs. The antibacterial activity of UL/Ag2 O-NPS, Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs, and UL/CuO-NPs was studied against eleven Gram-negative and Gram-positive multidrug-resistant bacterial species. The maximum inhibition zones were obtained with UL/Ag2 O-NPS, followed by Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs and Ul/CuO-NPs in all the tested bacteria. The maximum anti-biofilm percentage formed by E. coli KY856933 was obtained with UL/Ag2 O-NPS. These findings suggest that the synthesized nanoparticles might be a great alternative for use as an antibacterial agent against different multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.

Keywords: Ag nanoparticles; Ulva lactuca; antibacterial; copper nanoparticles; nanocomposites.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data of Ul/Ag2O-NPS, Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs, and Ul/CuO-NPs derived from U. lactuca.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The SEM (A–C) and TEM (D–F) images and frequency distribution (%) (G–I) of UL/Ag2 O-NPS, Ul/CuO-NPs, Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs derived from U. lactuca. Arrows refer to the shell around nanoparticles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) of UL/Ag2 O-NPS (a), Ul/CuO-NPs (b), and Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs (c) derived from U. lactuca.
Figure 4
Figure 4
X-ray diffraction of UL/Ag2 O-NPS (a), Ul/CuO-NPs(b), and Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs (c) derived from U. lactuca.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Zeta potential of UL/Ag2 O-NPS (a), Ul/CuO-NPs (b), and Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs (c) derived from U. lactuca.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Zeta potential of UL/Ag2 O-NPS (a), Ul/CuO-NPs (b), and Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs (c) derived from U. lactuca.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Antibacterial effects of green synthesized UL/Ag2 O-NPS, Ul/CuO-NPs, and Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs (100 μL/well).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Anti-biofilm studies of green synthesized Ul/Ag2 ONPS, Ul/CuO-NPs, and Ul/Ag/Cu-NCMs in the presence of biofilm-forming of E. coli KY856933. Different letters denote the significant values of mean; bars are St-error.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Morphological shape of Ulva lactuca (collected from seashore or Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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