Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Papaver rhoeas L. Leaf Extract: Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Properties

Abstract

In the last few decades, the search for metal nanoparticles as an alternative to cancer treatments and antibiotics has increased. In this article, the spectroscopic (ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), electron-dispersing X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)), microscopic (field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM)), structural (X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and zetasizer), and analytic (thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TGA-DTA)) characterization of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from Papaver rhoeas (PR) L. leaf extract are presented. PR-AgNPs are generally spherical and have a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 464.03 nm. The dimensions of the manufactured nanomaterial are in the range of 1.47-7.31 nm. PR-AgNPs have high thermal stability and a zeta potential of -36.1 mV. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (mg L^-1) of PR-AgNPs on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans are 1.50, 0.75, 3.00, 6.00, and 0.37, respectively. In the study, the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of PR-AgNPs using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method on various cancer cell lines (CACO-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell), T98-G (glioblastoma multiforme cell), and healthy HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)) cell lines are presented. After 24 and 48 h of the application, the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values (μg mL^-1) of PR-AgNPs on HUVEC, CACO-2, MCF-7, and T98-G lines are 2.365 and 2.380; 2.526 and 2.521; 3.274 and 3.318; 3.472 and 3.526, respectively. Comprehensive in vivo research of PR-AgNPs is proposed to reveal their potential for usage in sectors such as nanomedicine and nanochemistry.

Keywords: TEM; XRD; anticancer; green synthesis; pathogen microorganisms; silver nanoparticles.

Figure 1

Ultraviolet–visible spectrum data of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 2

Field emission scanning microscopy pictures (60 KX and 80 KX) of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 3

Transmission electron microscopy images of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles ((a): 100 nm, (b): 200 nm, (c): 50 nm, and (d): 50 nm (measured)).

Figure 4

Electron dispersive X-ray spectrum of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 5

X-ray diffraction result of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 6

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of Papaver rhoeas leaf aqueous extract and biosynthesized AgNPs.

Figure 7

Thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer results of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 8

Atomic force microscopy of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 9

The size distribution density of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 10

Zeta potential of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles.

Figure 11

The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) results of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles on human colon adenocarcinoma cell (HUVEC), human breast cancer cell (CACO-2), glioblastoma multiforme cell (MCF-7), and healthy human umbilical vein endothelial cell (T98-G) lines at 24 h.

Figure 12

The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) results of Papaver rhoeas leaf extract-based silver nanoparticles on human colon adenocarcinoma cell (HUVEC), human breast cancer cell (CACO-2), glioblastoma multiforme cell (MCF-7), and healthy human umbilical vein endothelial cell (T98-G) lines at 48 h.