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. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD014685.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014685.pub2.

Machine perfusion in liver transplantation

Samuel J Tingle  1 , Joseph J Dobbins  2 , Emily R Thompson  3 , Rodrigo S Figueiredo  4 , Balaji Mahendran  5 , Sanjay Pandanaboyana  6 , Colin Wilson  3
Affiliations

Machine perfusion in liver transplantation

Samuel J Tingle et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Liver transplantation is the only chance of cure for people with end-stage liver disease and some people with advanced liver cancers or acute liver failure. The increasing prevalence of these conditions drives demand and necessitates the increasing use of donated livers which have traditionally been considered suboptimal. Several novel machine perfusion preservation technologies have been developed, which attempt to ameliorate some of the deleterious effects of ischaemia reperfusion injury. Machine perfusion technology aims to improve organ quality, thereby improving outcomes in recipients of suboptimal livers when compared to traditional static cold storage (SCS; ice box).

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of different methods of machine perfusion (including hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE), normothermic machine perfusion (NMP), controlled oxygenated rewarming, and normothermic regional perfusion) versus each other or versus static cold storage (SCS) in people undergoing liver transplantation.

Search methods: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 10 January 2023.

Selection criteria: We included randomised clinical trials which compared different methods of machine perfusion, either with each other or with SCS. Studies comparing HOPE via both hepatic artery and portal vein, or via portal vein only, were grouped. The protocol detailed that we also planned to include quasi-randomised studies to assess treatment harms.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. overall participant survival, 2. quality of life, and 3. serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes were 4. graft survival, 5. ischaemic biliary complications, 6. primary non-function of the graft, 7. early allograft function, 8. non-serious adverse events, 9. transplant utilisation, and 10. transaminase release during the first week post-transplant. We assessed bias using Cochrane's RoB 2 tool and used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence.

Main results: We included seven randomised trials (1024 transplant recipients from 1301 randomised/included livers). All trials were parallel two-group trials; four compared HOPE versus SCS, and three compared NMP versus SCS. No trials used normothermic regional perfusion. When compared with SCS, it was uncertain whether overall participant survival was improved with either HOPE (hazard ratio (HR) 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 1.98; P = 0.81, I2 = 0%; 4 trials, 482 recipients; low-certainty evidence due to imprecision because of low number of events) or NMP (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.31 to 3.80; P = 0.90; 1 trial, 222 recipients; very low-certainty evidence due to imprecision and risk of bias). No trials reported quality of life. When compared with SCS alone, HOPE was associated with improvement in the following clinically relevant outcomes: graft survival (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.87; P = 0.02, I2 = 0%; 4 trials, 482 recipients; high-certainty evidence), serious adverse events in extended criteria DBD liver transplants (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.91; P = 0.03, I2 = 0%; 2 trials, 156 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and clinically significant ischaemic cholangiopathy in recipients of DCD livers (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.92; P = 0.03; 1 trial, 156 recipients; high-certainty evidence). In contrast, NMP was not associated with improvement in any of these clinically relevant outcomes. NMP was associated with improved utilisation compared with SCS (one trial found a 50% lower rate of organ discard; P = 0.008), but the reasons underlying this effect are unknown. We identified 11 ongoing studies investigating machine perfusion technologies.

Authors' conclusions: In situations where the decision has been made to transplant a liver donated after circulatory death or donated following brain death, end-ischaemic HOPE will provide superior clinically relevant outcomes compared with SCS alone. Specifically, graft survival is improved (high-certainty evidence), serious adverse events are reduced (moderate-certainty evidence), and in donors after circulatory death, clinically relevant ischaemic biliary complications are reduced (high-certainty evidence). There is no good evidence that NMP has the same benefits over SCS in terms of these clinically relevant outcomes. NMP does appear to improve utilisation of grafts that would otherwise be discarded with SCS; however, the reasons for this, and whether this effect is specific to NMP, is not clear. Further studies into NMP viability criteria and utilisation, as well as head-to-head trials with other perfusion technologies are needed. In the setting of donation following circulatory death transplantation, further trials are needed to assess the effect of these ex situ machine perfusion methods against, or in combination with, normothermic regional perfusion.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

ST: none.

JD: none.

ET: none.

RF: none.

BM: none.

SP: none.

CW: none.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram for the identification of included studies in the meta‐analysis of machine perfusion in liver transplantation (Page 2021a; Page 2021b). Date of last search 10 January 2023.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 1: Overall participant survival
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 2: Serious adverse events (90‐day follow‐up)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 3: Graft survival
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 4: Ischaemic biliary complications
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 5: Primary non‐function
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 6: Early allograft dysfunction
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 7: Adverse events considered non‐serious
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 1: Overall participant survival
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 2: Graft survival
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 3: Ischaemic biliary complications (on protocol imaging)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 4: Early allograft dysfunction
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) versus static cold storage (SCS), Outcome 5: Adverse events considered non‐serious
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014685

References

References to studies included in this review

Czigany 2021 {published data only}
    1. Czigany Z, Pratschke J, Fronek J, Guba M, Schoning W, Raptis DA, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion reduces early allograft injury and improves post-transplant outcomes in extended criteria donation liver transplantation from donation after brain death: results from a multicenter randomized controlled trial (HOPE ECD-DBD). Annals of Surgery 2021;274(5):705-12. - PubMed
    1. Czigany Z, Schoning W, Ulmer TF, Bednarsch J, Amygdalos I, Cramer T, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) for orthotopic liver transplantation of human liver allografts from extended criteria donors (ECD) in donation after brain death (DBD): a prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial (HOPE ECD-DBD). BMJ Open 2017;7(10):e017558. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03124641. HOPE for human extended criteria and donation after brain death donor (ECD-DBD) liver allografts. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03124641 (First posted 24 April 2017).
Ghinolfi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ghinolfi D, Rreka E, De Simone P, Insilla AC, Franzini M, Masini M, et al. A pilot, double-arm, randomized, prospective, study on normothermic ex-vivo perfusion of elderly liver grafts (>=70 years). Transplant International 2017;30(Suppl 2):42.
    1. Ghinolfi D, Rreka E, De Tata V, Franzini M, Pezzati D, Fierabracci V, et al. Pilot, open, randomized, prospective trial for normothermic machine perfusion evaluation in liver transplantation from older donors. Liver Transplantation 2019;25(3):436-49. - PubMed
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    1. NCT02940600. Efficacy evaluation of normothermic perfusion machine preservation in liver transplant using very old donors. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02940600 (first received 21 October 2016).
Markmann 2022 {published data only}
    1. Markmann J, Abouljoud M, Ghobrial M, Bhati C, Pelletier S, Magliocca J, et al. Superior post-transplant clinical outcomes using portable normothermic perfusion and assessment with the organ care system (OCS) liver system: 1-year outcomes of the OCS liver protect randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Transplantation 2021;21(Suppl 4):455-6.
    1. Markmann J, Ghobrial M, Magliocca J, Demetris A, Abouljoud M. Results of the initial phase of the portable organ care system (OCSTM) liver protect pivotal trial. American Journal of Transplantation 2017;30(Suppl 3):305.
    1. Markmann J, Ghobrial M, Magliocca J, Demetris A, Abouljoud M. Results of the initial phase of the portable organ care system (OCSTM) liver protect pivotal trial. Transplant International 2017;30(Suppl 2):43.
    1. Markmann JF, Abouljoud MS, Ghobrial RM, Bhati CS, Pelletier SJ, Lu AD, et al. Impact of portable normothermic blood-based machine perfusion on outcomes of liver transplant: the OCS Liver PROTECT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surgery 2022;157(3):189-98. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02522871. International randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the portable organ care system (OCS™) liver for preserving and assessing donor livers for transplantation (OCS Liver PROTECT trial). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02522871 (first received 13 August 2015).
Nasralla 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ceresa C, Nasralla D, Watson C, Butler A, Crick K, Imber C, et al. The effect of normothermic machine perfusion after cold storage in liver transplantation: a multicentre prospective clinical trial. Transplantation 2018;102(5 Suppl 1):27.
    1. David N, Rutger P, Peter F. Normothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage in liver transplantation: outcomes from a randomised controlled trial. Transplant International 2017;30(Suppl 2):6.
    1. ISRCTN39731134. Work Package 2 (WP2) – normothermic liver perfusion vs cold storage in liver transplants. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN39731134 (first received 27 March 2014).
    1. Muller E. A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation. Transplantation 2018;102(8):1197-8.
    1. Nasralla D, Coussios CC, Mergental H, Akhtar MZ, Butler AJ, Ceresa CDL, et al, Consortium for Organ Preservation in Europe. A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation. Nature 2018;557(7703):50-6. - PubMed
Ravaioli 2022 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT03837197. Clinical trial of new hypothermic oxygenated perfusion system versus static cold storage. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03837197 (first received 12 February 2019).
    1. Ravaioli M, Germinario G, Dajti G, Sessa M, Vasuri F, Siniscalchi A, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion in extended criteria donor liver transplantation – a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Transplantation 2022;22(10):2401-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ravaioli M, Germinario G, Maroni L, Odaldi F, Fallani G, Prosperi E, et al. Randomized trial on hypothermic oxygenated perfusion vs static cold storage in liver transplantation from extended criteria donors: interim analysis. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 1):204.
    1. Ravaioli M, Maroni L, Angeletti A, Fallani G, De Pace V, Germinario G, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion versus static cold storage for expanded criteria donors in liver and kidney transplantation: protocol for a single-center randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2020;9(3):e13922. - PMC - PubMed
Schlegel 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT01317342. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) of human liver grafts. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01317342 (first received 17 March 2011).
    1. Schlegel A, Mueller M, Muller X, Eden J, Panconesi R, Felten S, et al. A multicenter randomized-controlled trial of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) for human liver grafts before transplantation. Journal of Hepatology 2023;78(4):783-93. - PubMed
van Rijn 2021 {published data only}
    1. Friend P, Pollok JM. Hypothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation – a randomised trial and beyond. Transplant International 2022;35:10257. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02584283. Dual hypothermic oxygenated perfusion of DCD liver grafts in preventing biliary complications after transplantation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02584283 (first received 22 October 2015).
    1. Rijn R, De Meijer VE, Porte RJ. Hypothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 2021;385(8):766-8. - PubMed
    1. Rijn R, Schurink I, Cerisuelo MC, De Haas RJ, Heaton N, Hoek B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion in donation after circulatory death liver transplantation. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 1):53.
    1. Rijn R, Schurink IJ, Vries Y, den Berg AP, Cortes Cerisuelo M, Darwish Murad S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion in donation after circulatory death liver transplantation. HPB 2021;23:S673.

References to studies excluded from this review

Boteon 2018 {published data only}
    1. Boteon Y, Schlegel A, Laing R, Attard J, Bhogal R, Wallace L, et al. Combination of hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion followed by normothermic machine perfusion optimises the reconditioning of marginal human donor livers. HPB 2018;20(Suppl 2):686.
    1. Boteon Y, Schlegel A, Laing R, Wallace L, Smith A, Attard J, et al. A merged protocol of hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion and normothermic machine perfusion optimizes the reconditioning of marginal donor livers. Journal of hepatology 2018;68:S656-7.
ChiCTR1800014529 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800014529. The impact of LifePort hypothermic machine perfusion on liver transplant recipients' clinical outcome. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=24829 (first received 19 January 2018).
De Goeij 2022 {published data only}
    1. De Goeij FH, Schurink IJ, Habets LJ, De Leemkolk FE, Dun CA, Oniscu GC, et al. Salvage of declined extended criteria DCD livers using abdominal normothermic regional perfusion (ANRP). Transplantation 2022;8:121. - PubMed
Fedaruk 2019 {published data only}
    1. Fedaruk D, Kirkovsky L, Sadousky D, Symanovich A, Lebedz O, Korotkov S, et al. Hope reduces the ischemic damage of the extended criteria DBD liver grafts. Transplant International 2019;32:164.
Fodor 2021 {published data only}
    1. Fodor M, Cardini B, Peter W, Weissenbacher A, Oberhuber R, Hautz T, et al. Static cold storage compared with normothermic machine perfusion of the liver and effect on ischaemic-type biliary lesions after transplantation: a propensity score-matched study. British Journal of Surgery 2021;108(9):1082-9. - PubMed
    1. Fodor M, Schneeberger S. Author response to: static cold storage compared with normothermic machine perfusion of the liver and effect on ischaemic-type biliary lesions after transplantation: a propensity-score matched study. British Journal of Surgery 2022;109(1):E14. - PubMed
Guarrera 2007 {published data only}
    1. Guarrera JV, Arrington B, Renz JF, Kim MH, Samstein B, Meltzer J, et al. Clinical trial of hypothermic machine preservation in human liver transplantation: interim results. Liver Transplantation 2007;13(6):S169.
Guarrera 2011 {published data only}
    1. Guarrera JV, Samstein B, Henry SD, Musat C, Fisher C, Lukose T, et al. Excellent outcomes of machine preservation of "orphan" extended criteria liver allografts: interim results of a phase 2 trial. American Journal of Transplantation 2011;11(Suppl 2):201.
Hefler 2022 {published data only}
    1. Hefler J, Izuierdo DL, Meeberg G, Bral M, Anderson B, Dajani K, et al. Normothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation – seven year experience at a single North American centre. American Journal of Transplantation 2022;22(Suppl 3):392. - PubMed
ISRCTN89667087 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN89667087. A study of a new technique for organ preservation. isrctn.com/ISRCTN89667087 (first received 7 October 2009).
Jarchum 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jarchum I. Getting warmer with liver transplants. Nature Biotechnology 2018;36(6):504. - PubMed
Kosmoliaptsis 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kosmoliaptsis V, Randle L, Crick K, Fear C, Butler AJ, Watson CJ. Normothermic ex situ perfusion permits assessment and transplantation of declined livers. Transplant International 2017;30(Suppl 2):43.
Krdzalic 2019 {published data only}
    1. Krdzalic O, Horodynski F, Hofmann M, Silberhumer G, Gyori G, Salat A, et al. Liver function after dual oxygenated hypothermic ex vivo liver perfusion prior to liver transplantation. Transplant International 2019;32(Suppl 4):23.
Maroni 2021 {published data only}
    1. Maroni L, Musa N, Ravaioli M, Dondossola DE, Germinario G, Sulpice L, et al. Normothermic with or without hypothermic oxygenated perfusion for DCD before liver transplantation: European multicentric experience. Clinical Transplantation 2021;35(11):e14448. - PubMed
Mehta 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mehta M, Harrison DJ, Wigmore SJ, Oniscu GC. Normothermic regional perfusion rescues ischaemic injury to the biliary tract and reduces ischaemic cholangiopathy in DCD liver transplants. Transplantation 2018;5(Suppl 1):69.
Meszaros 2021 {published data only}
    1. Meszaros AT, Hofmann J, Fodor M, Nardin F, Buch ML, Otarashvili G. Mitochondrial respiration during normothermic machine perfusion of the liver predicts clinical outcome after transplantation. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 3):18.
    1. Meszaros AT, Hofmann J, Fodor M, Nardin F, Otarashvili G, Hermann M, et al. Mitochondrial performance during normothermic machine perfusion of the liver predicts clinical outcome after transplantation. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 1):205.
    1. Meszaros AT, Schartner M, Weissenbacher A, Egelseer-Bruendl T, Fodor M, Hofmann J, et al. Tissue viability and mitochondrial respiration during static cold storage of the liver predicts outcome of the transplantation. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 3):18.
    1. Meszaros AT, Weissenbacher A, Egelseer-Bruendl T, Schartner M, Fodor M, Hofmann J. Tissue viability and mitochondrial respiration during static cold storage predicts liver transplantation outcome. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 1):62.
Mohkam 2021 {published data only}
    1. Mohkam K, Nasralla D, Mergental H, Muller X, Butler A, Jassem W, et al. Normothermic regional perfusion or normothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation from donation after circulatory death. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 1):51.
    1. Mohkam K, Nasralla D, Mergental H, Muller X, Perera T, Laing R, et al. Normothermic regional perfusion or normothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation from donation after circulatory death: a first comparative study. HPB 2021;23(Suppl 3):S669. - PMC - PubMed
Muller 2022 {published data only}
    1. Muller X, Rossignol G, Mohkam K, Lesurtel M, Mabrut JY. Dynamic liver graft preservation in controlled donation after circulatory death: what is the best fit? Liver Transplantation 2022;28(2):330-1. - PubMed
Oniscu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Oniscu GC, Butler A, Hunt F, Large S, Sutherland A, Messer S, et al. Better graft survival with no ischemic cholangiopathy in DCD liver transplantation in the UK using normothermic regional perfusion (NRP). Transplantation 2018;102(7 Suppl 1):S413.
    1. Oniscu GC, Mehew J, Butler AJ, Sutherland A, Gaurav R, Hogg R, et al. Improved organ utilization and better transplant outcomes with in situ normothermic regional perfusion in controlled donation after circulatory death. Transplantation 2022;107(2):438-48. - PubMed
Patrono 2019 {published data only}
    1. Patrono D, Cussa D, Sciannameo V, Montanari E, Panconesi R, Berchialla P, et al. Outcome of liver transplantation with grafts from brain-dead donors treated with dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion, with particular reference to elderly donors. American Journal of Transplantation 2022;22(5):1382-95. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patrono D, Roggio D, Mazzeo AT, Catalano G, Mazza E, Rizza G, et al. Clinical assessment of liver metabolism during hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion using microdialysis. Artificial Organs 2022;46(2):281-95. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patrono D, Surra A, Catalano G, Rizza G, Berchialla P, Martini S, . Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion of liver grafts from brain-dead donors. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):9337. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patrono D, Zanierato M, Vergano M, Magaton C, Diale E, Rizza G, et al. Normothermic regional perfusion and hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion for livers donated after controlled circulatory death with prolonged warm ischemia time: a matched comparison with livers from brain-dead donors. Transplant International 2022;35:1390. - PMC - PubMed
Perin 2021 {published data only}
    1. Perin L, Gringeri E, Polacco M, Bassi D, D'Amico FE, Boetto R, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) in liver transplantation for expanded criteria donor graft: single center experience. Transplant International 2021;34(Suppl 1):53.
Rayar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Rayar M, Beaurepaire JM, Bajeux E, Hamonic S, Renard T, Locher C, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion improves extended criteria donor liver graft function and reduces duration of hospitalization without extra cost: the PERPHO study. Liver Transplantation 2021;27(3):349-62. - PubMed
Watson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Watson C, Hunt F, Butler A, Sutherland A, Upponi S, Currie I. Normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) for DCD liver transplantation in the UK: better graft survival with no cholangiopathy. Transplantation 2018;102(5 Suppl 1):47-8.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Minor 2022 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN94691167. Can warming and supplying oxygen to a donor liver before transplantation improve the success of liver transplants? isrctn.com/ISRCTN94691167 (first received 5 November 2018).
    1. Minor T, Horn C, Zlatev H, Saner F, Grawe M, Lüer B, et al. Controlled oxygenated rewarming as novel end-ischemic therapy for cold stored liver grafts. A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Translational Science 2022;15(12):2918–27. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Huang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Huang C, Huang S, Tang Y, Zhao Q, Wang D, Ju W, et al. Prospective, single-centre, randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ischaemia-free liver transplantation (IFLT) in the treatment of end-stage liver disease. BMJ Open 2020;10:e035374. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN15686690 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN15686690. Controlled oxygenated rewarming of liver grafts by ex-situ machine perfusion prior to transplantation. isrctn.com/ISRCTN15686690 (first received 8 August 2017).
NCT02775162 {published data only}
    1. Avruch J, Goussous N, Malik S, Pinedo M, Meier R, Bhati C, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of ex-vivo machine perfusion with static cold storage in human liver transplantation: the University of Maryland experience. American Journal of Transplantation 2022;22(Suppl 3):737.
    1. NCT02775162. WP01 – normothermic liver preservation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02775162 (first received 17 May 2016).
NCT03484455 {published data only}
    1. NCT03484455. A prospective randomized multi-center study of the use of the organ recovery systems LifePort® Liver Transporter (LLT) system with Vasosol® as compared to static cold storage in orthotopic liver transplants (perfusion to improve liver outcomes in transplantation). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03484455 (first received 30 March 2018).
    1. Panayotova G, Paterno F, Brown L, Dikdan G, Simonishvili S, Qin Y, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion of liver grafts protects against cholangiocyte injury: preliminary biochemical analysis of post-reperfusion biliary fluid and post-transplant markers of biliary injury. American Journal of Transplantation 2021;21(Suppl 1):34.
    1. Panayotova G, Paterno F, Galan M, Simonishvili S, Qin Y, McCarty M, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion preserves cholangiocyte homeostasis and protects against biliary complications post liver transplantation: preliminary results from a single center. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2021;233(5):S267-8.
    1. Panayotova G, Paterno F, McCarty M, Dikdan G, Simonishvili S, Qin Y, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion protects against cholangiocyte and hepatocyte injury and mitigates inflammation vs static cold storage: preliminary results from a single center. American Journal of Transplantation 2021;21(Suppl 4):348-9.
    1. Panayotova G, Qin Y, Simonishvili S, Ayorinde T, Paterno F, Brown L, et al. Analysis of tissue damage associated molecular patterns following hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion vs static cold storage in liver transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation 2022;22(Suppl 1):51-2.
NCT03929523 {published data only}
    1. NCT03929523. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion for extended criteria donors in liver transplantation (HOPExt). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03929523 (first received 29 April 2019).
NCT03930459 {published data only}
    1. NCT03930459. Efficacy of ex-situ normothermic perfusion versus cold storage in the transplant with steatotic liver graft. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03930459 (first received 29 April 2019).
NCT04203004 {published data only}
    1. NCT04203004. HOPE with cytokine filtration in liver transplantation (Cyto-HOPE). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04203004 (first received 18 December 2019).
NCT04644744 {published data only}
    1. NCT04644744. Hypothermic oxygenated (HOPE) versus normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) in human liver transplantation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04644744 (first received 25 November 2020).
NCT04744389 {published data only}
    1. NCT04744389. Comparison of hypothermic versus normothermic ex-vivo preservation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04744389 (first received 9 February 2021).
NCT04812054 {published data only}
    1. NCT04812054. Dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion in liver transplantation using allografts from donors after brain death. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04812054 (first received 21 March 2021).
NCT05045794 {published data only}
    1. NCT05045794. Bridge to HOPE: hypothermic oxygenated perfusion versus cold storage prior to liver transplantation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05045794 (first received 16 September 2021).
    1. Reich DJ, Schlegel A, Rizzari M, Foley D, DeVera M, Chapman W, et al. Ex vivo end ischemic hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) versus static cold storage prior to liver transplantation – preliminary results of the bridge to hope pivotal multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial on the safety and effectiveness of the Vitasmart liver machine perfusion system. American Journal of Transplantation 2022;22:594-5.

Additional references

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Boteon 2018
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Briceño 2009
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