Development of an App for Tracking Family Engagement With Early Intervention Services: Focus Groups and Pilot Evaluation Study

Abstract

Background: Expedient access to early intervention (EI) systems has been identified as a priority for children with developmental delays, identified disabilities, and other special health care needs. Despite the mandated availability of EI, it remains challenging for families to navigate referral processes and establish appropriate services. Such challenges disproportionately affect families from traditionally underserved communities. Mobile health apps can improve clinical outcomes, increase accessibility to health services, and promote adherence to health-related interventions. Though promising, the implementation of apps within routine care is in its infancy, with limited research examining the components of what makes an effective app or how to reach families most impacted by inequities in health care delivery.

Objective: In study 1, we conducted focus groups to access a broad range of perspectives on the process of navigating the EI system, with the dual goals of identifying ways in which a patient-facing app might facilitate this process and identifying barriers to use with traditionally underrepresented and underserved groups. In study 2, focus group findings informed the development of a patient-facing app, which was subsequently tested with a pilot sample of 5 families.

Methods: In study 1, the focus groups included 29 participants from 4 shareholder groups. Targeted sampling was used to recruit participants from traditionally underrepresented groups. Focus group questions sought information about barriers families experience as they navigate the EI system, ideal features of a patient-facing app designed to track family engagement with the EI system, and potential barriers. Focus group procedures were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research framework. In study 2, a pilot app was developed. The app was tested with a sample of 5 families of young children involved in the EI system. Families provided information on app functionality and usability.

Results: Qualitative analysis revealed a desire for increased communication and information about the process of accessing EI services, potential utility of an app for communication purposes, and clear recommendations for app features. Insights from focus groups were used to inform the development of the Family on Track app and related implementation supports. App features included survey customization, timing and delivery of prompts, and questions related to barriers and service satisfaction. Implementation supports include a visual guide for app installation, resources related to common family questions, and availability of study personnel to guide families through installation and provide ongoing support. Field testing provided preliminary information about app usability, including identifying future directions.

Conclusions: The results of this study could support the development of a new way for the EI system to communicate and connect with families, provide families with a means to communicate satisfaction and frustration, and access the supports they need to be active participants in their child's care.

Keywords: autism; early intervention; families; focus groups; mobile health; mobile phone.

Figure 1

Screenshots of the Family on Track app. ABA: applied behavior analysis.