IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract

The country's public hospitals, guided by the principles established by the first such hospital in 1736 and codified through the policies of the Surgeon General in 1936, have played an outsized role as safety net institutions for disadvantaged populations. Public hospitals are predominantly located in urban, under-resourced neighborhoods and treat a larger percentage of low-income individuals who are uninsured or enrolled in Medicaid. In assessing the status of public hospitals and urban communities in the twenty-first century, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was evaluated at two high-performing public hospitals, Grady Memorial Hospital and Rush University Medical Center, and a network of safety hospitals affiliated with the Missouri Hospital Association. COVID-19 infections and death rates stratified by race and ethnicity were examined. The results suggest a trend toward lower mortality in African American patients in the first year of the pandemic and possible adverse outcomes in a subset of rural hospitals in Missouri. This study highlights the need to expand funding and support for the nation's essential hospitals.

Fig. 1.

COVID-19 patient survival, by race and ethnicity. Grady Hospital, 2020–2022.

Fig. 2.

COVID-19 admissions, by race and ethnicity. Rush Medical Center, 2020–2022.

Fig. 3.

COVID-19 ICU admissions, by race and ethnicity. Rush Medical Center, 2020–2022.

Fig. 4.

COVID-19 ventilator admissions, by race and ethnicity. Rush Medical Center, 2020–2022.

Fig. 5.

COVID-19 patient survival by DSH quartiles. Missouri Hospitals, 2018–2022.