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. 2023 Jul 10;62(20):5416-5426.
doi: 10.1364/AO.495466.

Fabrication of a multifaceted mapping mirror using two-photon polymerization for a snapshot image mapping spectrometer

Jiawei Lu, Xue Wen Ng, David Piston, Tomasz S Tkaczyk

Fabrication of a multifaceted mapping mirror using two-photon polymerization for a snapshot image mapping spectrometer

Jiawei Lu et al. Appl Opt. .

Abstract

A design and fabrication technique for making high-precision and large-format multifaceted mapping mirrors is presented. The method is based on two-photon polymerization, which allows more flexibility in the mapping mirror design. The mirror fabricated in this paper consists of 36 2D tilted square pixels, instead of the continuous facet design used in diamond cutting. The paper presents a detailed discussion of the fabrication parameters and optimization process, with particular emphasis on the optimization of stitching defects by compensating for the overall tilt angle and reducing the printing field of view. The fabricated mirrors were coated with a thin layer of aluminum (93 nm) using sputter coating to enhance the reflection rate over the target wave range. The mapping mirror was characterized using a white light interferometer and a scanning electron microscope, which demonstrates its optical quality surface (with a surface roughness of 12 nm) and high-precision tilt angles (with an average of 2.03% deviation). Finally, the incorporation of one of the 3D printed mapping mirrors into an image mapping spectrometer prototype allowed for the acquisition of high-quality images of the USAF resolution target and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells stained with three fluorescent dyes, demonstrating the potential of this technology for practical applications.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures. Dr. Tomasz Tkaczyk has financial interests in Attoris LLC. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Demonstration of IMS principle. (a) Optical layout of an IMS system. (b) Schematic of a micrometer lens design.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Illustration of the pixelated mapping mirror design. (a) 16-bit grayscale image of the designed mapping mirror. (b) Zoom-in 3D view of a portion of the mapping mirror.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Characterization results from a Zygo white light interferometer when optimization for mapping mirror printing parameters. (a) Printing using 1 μm slicing distance and 0.2 μm hatching distance. (b) Printing with a 3 μm base added in the GrayscribeX software. (c) Printing with one 3 μm extra base added to the design.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Mapping mirror fabrication results. (a) Result after laser direct writing and development. (b) Mapping mirror with a thin layer of aluminum coating. (c) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a portion of a mapping mirror with repeated tilt sequence. (d) Magnified 2 × 2 mirrors. The represented distance is 50 μm as indicated by the scale bar.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
Surface roughness measurement.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
Reconstructed images of 1951 USAF resolution targets and corresponding characterization images from a Zygo white light interferometer of three mapping mirrors during optimization. (a) Reconstructed images from the mapping mirror printed with 1 μm slicing distance and 0.2 μm hatching distance. (b) Reconstructed images from the mapping mirror printed with a base added in the GrayscribeX software. (c) Reconstructed images from the mapping mirror printed with an extra base added to the design. (d) 50× characterization image of the mapping mirror in (a). (e) Characterization image of the mapping mirror in (b). (f) Characterization image of the mapping mirror in (c).
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.
Pseudo-color images of 25 selected channels for the BPAE cell imaging. In the 510 nm images, the represented distance is 15 μm as indicated by the scale bar.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.
Gaussian fitting of two narrowband filters with center wavelengths at 515 and 589 nm. (a) Gaussian fitting for 515 nm narrowband filter. (b) Gaussian fitting for 589 nm narrow band filter.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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