The changing characteristics of a cohort of children and adolescents living with HIV at antiretroviral therapy initiation in Asia

Abstract

Despite improvements in HIV testing and earlier antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in children living with HIV through the years, a considerable proportion start treatment with advanced disease. We studied characteristics of children and adolescents living with HIV and their level of immunodeficiency at ART initiation using data from a multi-country Asian cohort. We included children and adolescents who were ART-naïve and <18 years of age at ART initiation from 2011 to 2020 at 17 HIV clinics in six countries. Incidence rates of opportunistic infections (OIs) in the first two years of triple-drug ART (≥3 antiretrovirals) was also reported. Competing risk regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with first occurrence of OI. In 2,027 children and adolescents (54% males), median age at ART initiation increased from 4.5 years in 2011-2013 to 6.7 in 2017-2020, median CD4 count doubled from 237 cells/μl to 466 cells/μl, and proportion of children who initiated ART as severely immunodeficient decreased from 70% to 45%. During follow-up, 275 (14%) children who received triple-drug ART as first treatment and had at least one clinic visit, developed at least one OI in the first two years of treatment (9.40 per 100 person-years). The incidence rate of any first OI declined from 12.52 to 7.58 per 100 person-years during 2011-2013 and 2017-2020. Lower hazard of OIs were found in those with age at first ART 2-14 years, current CD4 ≥200 cells/μl, and receiving ART between 2017 and 2020. The analysis demonstrated increasing number of children and adolescents starting ART with high CD4 count at ART start. The rate of first OI markedly decreased in children who started ART in more recent years. There remains a clear need for improvement in HIV control strategies in children, by promoting earlier diagnosis and timely treatment.

Fig 1. Proportion of patients with severe immunodeficiency at ART start, by age group and calendar time period at ART start (n = 2027).

Fig 2. Proportion of children and adolescents on ART who used specific drug or drug combination by calendar period of initiation and drug class (n = 2019).

NNRTI = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI = protease inhibitor; INSTI = integrase strand transfer inhibitor; NRTI = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; EFV = efavirenz; NVP = nevirapine; LPV = lopinavir/ritonavir; ATZ = atazanavir/ritonavir; EVG = elvitegravir; DTG = dolutegravir; ZDV = zidovudine; d4T = stavudine; TDF = tenofovir.