State of the science and future directions for research on HIV and cancer: Summary of a joint workshop sponsored by IARC and NCI

Eric A Engels¹, Meredith S Shiels¹, Ruanne V Barnabas², Julia Bohlius^{3

4}, Paul Brennan⁵, Jessica Castilho⁶, Stephen J Chanock¹, Megan A Clarke¹, Anna E Coghill⁷, Jean-Damien Combes⁸, Scott Dryden-Peterson^{9

10}, Gypsyamber D'Souza¹¹, Satish Gopal¹², Antoine Jaquet¹³, Kathryn Lurain¹⁴, Alain Makinson¹⁵, Jeffrey Martin¹⁶, Mazvita Muchengeti^{17

18

19}, Robert Newton^{20

21}, Fred Okuku²², Jackson Orem²², Joel M Palefsky²³, Ramya Ramaswami¹⁴, Hilary A Robbins⁵, Keith Sigel²⁴, Sylvia Silver²⁵, Gita Suneja²⁶, Robert Yarchoan¹⁴, Gary M Clifford⁸

Affiliations

¹ Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
² Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³ University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁴ Department for Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
⁵ Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France.
⁶ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
⁷ Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
⁸ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, Lyon, France.
⁹ Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁰ Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹² Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
¹³ National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR, 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), EMR 271, Bordeaux Population, Health Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
¹⁴ HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
¹⁵ Infectious Disease Department, CHU La Colombière, Montpellier & Inserm U1175, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
¹⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
¹⁷ National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁸ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁹ South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
²⁰ MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
²¹ University of York, York, UK.
²² Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.
²³ Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
²⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
²⁵ George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
²⁶ Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

PMID: 37715370
PMCID: PMC11133517
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34727

Review

State of the science and future directions for research on HIV and cancer: Summary of a joint workshop sponsored by IARC and NCI

Eric A Engels et al. Int J Cancer. 2024.

. 2024 Feb 15;154(4):596-606.

doi: 10.1002/ijc.34727. Epub 2023 Sep 15.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
² Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³ University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁴ Department for Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
⁵ Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France.
⁶ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
⁷ Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
⁸ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, Lyon, France.
⁹ Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁰ Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹² Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
¹³ National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR, 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), EMR 271, Bordeaux Population, Health Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
¹⁴ HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
¹⁵ Infectious Disease Department, CHU La Colombière, Montpellier & Inserm U1175, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
¹⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
¹⁷ National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁸ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁹ South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
²⁰ MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
²¹ University of York, York, UK.
²² Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.
²³ Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
²⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
²⁵ George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
²⁶ Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

PMID: 37715370
PMCID: PMC11133517
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34727

Abstract

An estimated 38 million people live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide and are at excess risk for multiple cancer types. Elevated cancer risks in people living with HIV (PLWH) are driven primarily by increased exposure to carcinogens, most notably oncogenic viruses acquired through shared transmission routes, plus acceleration of viral carcinogenesis by HIV-related immunosuppression. In the era of widespread antiretroviral therapy (ART), life expectancy of PLWH has increased, with cancer now a leading cause of co-morbidity and death. Furthermore, the types of cancers occurring among PLWH are shifting over time and vary in their relative burden in different parts of the world. In this context, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) convened a meeting in September 2022 of multinational and multidisciplinary experts to focus on cancer in PLWH. This report summarizes the proceedings, including a review of the state of the science of cancer descriptive epidemiology, etiology, molecular tumor characterization, primary and secondary prevention, treatment disparities and survival in PLWH around the world. A consensus of key research priorities and recommendations in these domains is also presented.

Keywords: cancer; epidemiology; human immunodeficiency virus; people living with HIV; prevention.

© 2023 International Agency for Research on Cancer; licensed by UICC and The Authors. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

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Conflict of interest statement

RVB reports support from the US National Institutes of Health, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the World Health Organization. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals covered the cost of abstract and manuscript writing outside the submitted work. RVB serves on a Gilead Sciences DMC for which she receives an honorarium. KL reports research support from Bristol Myers Squibb and CTI BioPharma through CRADAs with the NCI and receiving drugs for clinical trials from Merck, EMD-Serono, and Eli Lilly. JMP reports financial support as Vir Biotechnologies- consultant; Virion Therapeutics- consultant; Antiva Biosciences- research grant support; Abbott- consultant; Roche Diagnostics-consultant; Vaccitech- research grant support. RR reports funding for clinical trials via Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADA) between the institution and the following companies - BMS/Celgene, EMD-Serano, PDS Biotech, CTI Biopharma, Merck, and Lilly. GS reports grant funding from NIH/NCI. RY reports receiving research support from Celgene (now Bristol Myers Squibb) and CTI BioPharma through CRADAs with the NCI. RY also reports receiving drugs for clinical trials from Merck, EMD-Serano, and Eli Lill through CRADAs with the NCI, and he has received drug supply for laboratory research from Janssen Pharmaceuticals. RY is a co-inventor on US Patent 10,001,483 entitled “Methods for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma or KSHV-induced lymphoma using immunomodulatory compounds and uses of biomarkers.” An immediate family member of RY is a co-inventor on patents or patent applications related to internalization of target receptors, epigenetic analysis, and ephrin tyrosine kinase inhibitors. All rights, title, and interest to these patents have been assigned to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; the government conveys a portion of the royalties it receives to its employee inventors under the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L.99-502).

Figures

**Figure 1.**
Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) in 2020 by country of (A) HIV-attributable cervical cancer (reproduced from Khalil et al. A specific burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV: a global analysis with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa, International Journal of Cancer, Volume 150, pages. 761-772. © 2021 World Health Organization. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC.) and (B) HIV-attributable Kaposi sarcoma (reproduced from Khalil et al. Burden of Kaposi sarcoma according to HIV status: A systematic review and global analysis, International Journal of Cancer, Volume 150, pages. 1948-1957. © 2022 World Health Organization. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC.), using the entire population (for KS) or the entire female population (for cervix) population as a denominator. The designations used and the presentation of the material in this article do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO and the IARC about the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet, vol. 2023.
1. Ruffieux Y, Muchengeti M, Egger M, Efthimiou O, Bartels L, Olago V, Davidovic M, Dhokotera T, Bohlius J, Singh E, Rohner E. Immunodeficiency and Cancer in 3.5 Million People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The South African HIV Cancer Match Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73: e735–e44. - PMC - PubMed
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State of the science and future directions for research on HIV and cancer: Summary of a joint workshop sponsored by IARC and NCI

Affiliations

State of the science and future directions for research on HIV and cancer: Summary of a joint workshop sponsored by IARC and NCI

Authors

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Conflict of interest statement

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