Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Aug 31:10:1251619.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1251619. eCollection 2023.

The association of central and extremity circumference with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality: a cohort study

Jiajun Liu  1   2 , Xueshan Jin  3 , Ziyi Feng  1   2 , Jieming Huang  1   2
Affiliations

The association of central and extremity circumference with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality: a cohort study

Jiajun Liu et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Background: Central obesity increases the risk of several diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. However, the association between extremity obesity and mortality has not been extensively evaluated. The objective of this study was to investigate the quantitative effects of waist circumference (WC), arm circumference (AC), calf circumference (CC), and thigh circumference (TC) on all-cause mortality and CVD mortality.

Methods: The study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample survey from 1999 to 2006. A total of 19,735 participants were included in the study. We divided the participants into four groups (Q1-Q4) and used Q1 as a reference to compare the risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in Q2-Q4. COX proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the relationship between WC, AC, CC and TC on all-cause and CVD mortality. In addition, we conducted a stratified analysis of gender.

Results: After a mean follow-up of 11.8 years, we observed a total of 3,446 deaths, of which 591 were due to cardiovascular disease. The results showed that for both men and women, compared to the first group, the risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the other three groups of WC and significantly lower in the other three groups of AC, CC, and TC. Similar results were observed after adjusting for confounding factors such as demographics.

Conclusions: Our results show that all-cause and CVD mortality are positively associated with measures of central obesity and negatively associated with measures of extremity obesity, and that AC, CC, and TC can be used as potential tools to measure prognosis in the general population.

Keywords: all-cause mortality; arm circumference; calf circumference; cardiovascular mortality; central obesity; extremity circumference; thigh circumference; waist circumference.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. (2017) 390(10113):2627–42. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. (2019) 15(5):288–98. 10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Peeters A, Bonneux L, Barendregt J, Nusselder W. Methods of estimating years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA. (2003) 289(22):2941, author reply 2. 10.1001/jama.289.22.2941-a - DOI - PubMed
    1. Yanovski JA. Obesity: trends in underweight and obesity—scale of the problem. Nat Rev Endocrinol. (2018) 14(1):5–6. 10.1038/nrendo.2017.157 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet. (2016) 387(10026):1377–96. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources