Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2024 Mar;38(3):e5746.
doi: 10.1002/bmc.5746. Epub 2023 Sep 18.

A state-of-the-science review of analytical methods for urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites in the assessment of exposure to organophosphate pesticides: From 2000 to 2022

Ana Paula Neves  1 , Ana Cristina Simões Rosa  2 , Ariane Leites Larentis  2 , Priscila Jeronimo da Silva Rodrigues Vidal  1 , Eline Simões Gonçalves  3 , Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino  4 , Gabriel Rodrigues da Silveira  1 , Leandro Vargas Barreto de Carvalho  2 , Sergio Rabello Alves  2   5
Affiliations
Review

A state-of-the-science review of analytical methods for urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites in the assessment of exposure to organophosphate pesticides: From 2000 to 2022

Ana Paula Neves et al. Biomed Chromatogr. 2024 Mar.

Abstract

The general population and workers are exposed to organophosphate insecticides, one of the leading chemical classes of pesticides used in rural and urban areas. This paper aims to conduct an integrative review of the most used analytical methods for identifying and quantifying dialkylphosphate-which are metabolites of organophosphate insecticides-in the urine of exposed workers, discussing their advantages, limitations and applicability. Searches utilized the PubMed, the Scientific Electronic Library Online and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations databases between 2000 and 2021. Twenty-five studies were selected. The extraction methods most used were liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (36%) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) (36%), with the SPE being more economical in terms of time and amount of solvents needed, and presenting the best percentage of recovery of analytes, when compared with LLE. Nineteen studies (76%) used the gas chromatography method of separation, and among these, 12 records (63%) indicated mass spectrometry used as a detection technology (analyzer). Studies demonstrate that dialkylphosphates are sensitive and representative exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational organophosphate exposure.

Keywords: analytical methods; biomonitoring; dialkylphosphates; organophosphate compounds; pesticides; urine.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

REFERENCES

    1. Amorim, L. C. A. (2003). Os biomarcadores e sua aplicação na avaliação da exposição aos agentes químicos ambientais. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 6(2), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2003000200009
    1. Aprea, C., Sciarra, G., & Lunghini, L. (1996). Analytical method for the determination of urinary alkylphosphates in subjects occupationally exposed to organophosphorus pesticides and in the general population. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(7), 559-563. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/20.7.559
    1. Aprea, C., Strambi, M., Novelli, M. T., Lunghini, L., & Bozzi, N. (2000). Biologic monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in 195 Italian children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(6), 521-525. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108521
    1. Babina, K., Dollard, M., Pilotto, L., & Edwards, J. W. (2012). Environmental exposure to organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in south Australian preschool children: A cross sectional study. Environment International, 48(November), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.07.007
    1. Baudry, J., Debrauwer, L., Durand, G., Limon, G., Delcambre, A., Vidal, R., Taupier-Letage, B., et al. (2019). Urinary pesticide concentrations in French adults with low and high organic food consumption: Results from the general population-based NutriNet-Santé. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 29(3), 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0062-9

LinkOut - more resources