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Review
. 2024 Feb;47(2):299-306.
doi: 10.1007/s40618-023-02196-z. Epub 2023 Sep 23.

Obesity: a gender-view

G Muscogiuri  1   2   3 , L Verde  4   5 , C Vetrani  4   6 , L Barrea  4   6 , S Savastano  7   4 , A Colao  7   4   8
Affiliations
Review

Obesity: a gender-view

G Muscogiuri et al. J Endocrinol Invest. 2024 Feb.

Abstract

Purpose: There is a growing awareness of the importance of understanding gender differences in obesity. The aim of this short review was to revise the current evidence on anthropometric characteristics and nutritional and pharmacological aspects of obesity from a gender perspective.

Methods: A literature search within PubMed was performed. Selected publications related to obesity and gender differences were reviewed.

Results: The prevalence of obesity among men is higher than in women, but women have a higher percentage of body fat content compared to men, and gender appears to be an important factor in the manifestation of central (android) or peripheral (gynoid) obesity. In addition, while in most clinical trials, women are still underrepresented, in clinical registration trials of anti-obesity drugs, women are commonly up-represented and gender-specific analysis is uncommon. Considering that adipose tissue is one of the factors affecting the volume of distribution of many drugs, mainly lipophilic drugs, gender differences might be expected in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-obesity drugs. Indeed, although Liraglutide 3 mg, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and naltrexone/bupropion display lipophilic properties, currently, a gender-dose adjustment for both these drugs administration is not recommended. In addition, despite that predicted responders to treatment offer substantial opportunities for efficient use, especially of expensive new therapies, such as anti-obesity drugs, data on gender differences to identify early responders to both these have not yet been investigated. Finally, bariatric surgery gender disparity reflects healthcare practices. Weight loss similar, but differing effects: women need more correction and face psychology challenges; men have worse physiology and fewer comorbidity improvements.

Conclusion: Gender differences exist in obesity prevalence and phenotype, body fat distribution, drug efficacy, clinical trial representation, and different secondary effects of bariatric surgery. Gender is an important variable in obesity analysis.

Keywords: Body composition; Diet; Gender; Obesity; Weight loss drugs.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Gender differences in body composition and eating behavior. Subcutaneous adipose tissue presents higher concentrations of estrogen and progesterone receptors than androgen receptors. Conversely, visceral adipose tissue has a higher concentration of androgen receptors. Hormonal differences may explain the sexual dimorphism of adiposity between men and women: women have more adipose tissue than men and a peripheral distribution of fat mass, while men have a central distribution of fat mass. Sex hormones also influence food preferences: women prefer more carbohydrate-rich and sweet foods, while men prefer more fat-rich foods. ARs androgen receptors; ERs estrogen receptors; PRs progesterone receptors
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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