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[Preprint]. 2024 Jan 9:arXiv:2309.05768v2.

The Past, Present, and Future of the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS)

Russell A Poldrack¹, Christopher J Markiewicz¹, Stefan Appelhoff², Yoni K Ashar³, Tibor Auer^{4

5}, Sylvain Baillet⁶, Shashank Bansal⁷, Leandro Beltrachini⁸, Christian G Benar⁹, Giacomo Bertazzoli^{10

11

12

13

14}, Suyash Bhogawar¹⁵, Ross W Blair¹, Marta Bortoletto¹⁰, Mathieu Boudreau¹⁶, Teon L Brooks¹, Vince D Calhoun¹⁷, Filippo Maria Castelli^{18

19}, Patricia Clement^{20

21}, Alexander L Cohen²², Julien Cohen-Adad¹⁶, Sasha D'Ambrosio^{23

24}, Gilles de Hollander²⁵, María de la Iglesia-Vayá²⁶, Alejandro de la Vega²⁷, Arnaud Delorme²⁸, Orrin Devinsky²⁹, Dejan Draschkow³⁰, Eugene Paul Duff³¹, Elizabeth DuPre¹, Eric Earl³², Oscar Esteban³³, Franklin W Feingold¹, Guillaume Flandin³⁴, Anthony Galassi³², Giuseppe Gallitto^{35

36}, Melanie Ganz^{37

38}, Rémi Gau³⁹, James Gholam⁴⁰, Satrajit S Ghosh⁴¹, Alessio Giacomel⁴², Ashley G Gillman⁴³, Padraig Gleeson⁴⁴, Alexandre Gramfort⁴⁵, Samuel Guay⁴⁶, Giacomo Guidali⁴⁷, Yaroslav O Halchenko⁴⁸, Daniel A Handwerker³², Nell Hardcastle¹, Peer Herholz⁴⁹, Dora Hermes⁵⁰, Christopher J Honey⁵¹, Robert B Innis³², Horea-Ioan Ioanas⁴⁸, Andrew Jahn⁵², Agah Karakuzu¹⁶, David B Keator^{53

54

55}, Gregory Kiar⁵⁶, Balint Kincses^{35

36}, Angela R Laird⁵⁷, Jonathan C Lau⁵⁸, Alberto Lazari⁵⁹, Jon Haitz Legarreta⁶⁰, Adam Li⁶¹, Xiangrui Li⁶², Bradley C Love⁶³, Hanzhang Lu⁶⁴, Eleonora Marcantoni⁶⁵, Camille Maumet⁶⁶, Giacomo Mazzamuto⁶⁷, Steven L Meisler⁶⁸, Mark Mikkelsen⁶⁹, Henk Mutsaerts^{70

71}, Thomas E Nichols⁷², Aki Nikolaidis⁷³, Gustav Nilsonne^{74

75}, Guiomar Niso⁷⁶, Martin Norgaard^{32

37}, Thomas W Okell⁵⁹, Robert Oostenveld^{77

78}, Eduard Ort⁷⁹, Patrick J Park⁸⁰, Mateusz Pawlik⁸¹, Cyril R Pernet³⁸, Franco Pestilli²⁷, Jan Petr⁸², Christophe Phillips⁸³, Jean-Baptiste Poline⁸⁴, Luca Pollonini^{85

86}, Pradeep Reddy Raamana⁸⁷, Petra Ritter^{88

89

90

91

92}, Gaia Rizzo^{93

94}, Kay A Robbins⁹⁵, Alexander P Rockhill⁹⁶, Christine Rogers⁹⁷, Ariel Rokem⁹⁸, Chris Rorden⁹⁹, Alexandre Routier¹⁰⁰, Jose Manuel Saborit-Torres²⁶, Taylor Salo¹⁰¹, Michael Schirner^{88

89

90

91

92}, Robert E Smith^{102

103}, Tamas Spisak^{35

104}, Julia Sprenger¹⁰⁵, Nicole C Swann¹⁰⁶, Martin Szinte¹⁰⁵, Sylvain Takerkart¹⁰⁵, Bertrand Thirion⁴⁵, Adam G Thomas³², Sajjad Torabian¹⁰⁷, Gael Varoquaux¹⁰⁸, Bradley Voytek¹⁰⁹, Julius Welzel¹¹⁰, Martin Wilson¹¹¹, Tal Yarkoni¹¹², Krzysztof J Gorgolewski¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
² Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
³ University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁴ School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
⁵ Artificial Intelligence and Informatics group, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK.
⁶ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁷ Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁸ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
⁹ Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France.
¹⁰ Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹¹ Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
¹² Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Rackspace Technology, San Antonio, TX, USA.
¹⁶ NeuroPoly Lab, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁷ Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁸ European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
¹⁹ Bioretics srl, Cesena, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
²¹ Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
²² Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, UK.
²⁵ Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶ UMIB-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
²⁷ The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
²⁸ SCCN, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA USA.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
³⁰ Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³¹ UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
³² Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³³ Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁴ Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, England, UK.
³⁵ Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁸ Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁹ Origamin Lab, The Neuro, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁴⁰ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
⁴¹ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁴² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK.
⁴³ The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, England, UK.
⁴⁵ Inria, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
⁴⁶ Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychology & NeuroMI - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁸ Center for Open Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, NH, USA.
⁴⁹ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵⁰ Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁵² Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁵³ Change Your Brain Change Your Life Foundation, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
⁵⁴ Amen Clinics, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁵⁶ Center for Data Analytics, Innovation, and Rigor, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
⁵⁸ Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁹ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Brigham/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶¹ Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁶² Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
⁶³ University College London, London, UK.
⁶⁴ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁶⁵ School for Psychology and Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
⁶⁶ Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn ERL U 1228, Rennes, France.
⁶⁷ National Research Council - National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy.
⁶⁸ Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁰ Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷¹ Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷² Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁷³ Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁴ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁵ Swedish National Data Service, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁷⁶ Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁷ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁷⁸ NatMEG, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁹ Heinrich Heine University, Department of Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁸⁰ Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁸¹ Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria.
⁸² Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.
⁸³ GIGA CRC in vivo imaging, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.
⁸⁴ Neuro Data Science ORIGAMI Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁸⁵ Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX.
⁸⁶ Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
⁸⁷ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁸⁸ Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁸⁹ Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁹⁰ Bernstein Focus State Dependencies of Learning and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.
⁹¹ Einstein Center for Neuroscience Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁹² Einstein Center Digital Future, Wilhelmstraße 67, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁹³ Invicro, London, UK.
⁹⁴ Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁹⁵ Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁹⁷ McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (MCIN), Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁹⁸ University of Washington, Department of Psychology and eScience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹⁹ University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Inria, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France.
¹⁰¹ Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰² The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰³ The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Heath, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰⁴ Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), UMR7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, France.
¹⁰⁶ University of Oregon, Department of Human Physiology, Eugene, OR, USA.
¹⁰⁷ University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
¹⁰⁸ Inria, Université Paris Saclay, Saclay, France.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Cognitive Science, Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, and Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹¹⁰ Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
¹¹¹ University of Birmingham, Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, Birmingham, UK.
¹¹² Google X. Mountain View, CA USA.

PMID: 37744469
PMCID: PMC10516110

The Past, Present, and Future of the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS)

Russell A Poldrack et al. ArXiv. 2024.

[Preprint]. 2024 Jan 9:arXiv:2309.05768v2.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
² Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
³ University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁴ School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
⁵ Artificial Intelligence and Informatics group, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK.
⁶ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁷ Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁸ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
⁹ Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France.
¹⁰ Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹¹ Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
¹² Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Rackspace Technology, San Antonio, TX, USA.
¹⁶ NeuroPoly Lab, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁷ Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁸ European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
¹⁹ Bioretics srl, Cesena, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
²¹ Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
²² Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, UK.
²⁵ Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶ UMIB-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
²⁷ The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
²⁸ SCCN, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA USA.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
³⁰ Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³¹ UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
³² Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³³ Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁴ Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, England, UK.
³⁵ Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁸ Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁹ Origamin Lab, The Neuro, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁴⁰ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
⁴¹ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁴² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK.
⁴³ The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, England, UK.
⁴⁵ Inria, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
⁴⁶ Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychology & NeuroMI - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁸ Center for Open Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, NH, USA.
⁴⁹ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵⁰ Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁵² Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁵³ Change Your Brain Change Your Life Foundation, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
⁵⁴ Amen Clinics, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁵⁶ Center for Data Analytics, Innovation, and Rigor, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
⁵⁸ Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁹ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Brigham/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶¹ Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁶² Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
⁶³ University College London, London, UK.
⁶⁴ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁶⁵ School for Psychology and Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
⁶⁶ Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn ERL U 1228, Rennes, France.
⁶⁷ National Research Council - National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy.
⁶⁸ Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁰ Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷¹ Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷² Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁷³ Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁴ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁵ Swedish National Data Service, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁷⁶ Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁷ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁷⁸ NatMEG, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁹ Heinrich Heine University, Department of Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁸⁰ Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁸¹ Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria.
⁸² Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.
⁸³ GIGA CRC in vivo imaging, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.
⁸⁴ Neuro Data Science ORIGAMI Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁸⁵ Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX.
⁸⁶ Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
⁸⁷ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁸⁸ Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁸⁹ Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁹⁰ Bernstein Focus State Dependencies of Learning and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.
⁹¹ Einstein Center for Neuroscience Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁹² Einstein Center Digital Future, Wilhelmstraße 67, Berlin 10117, Germany.
⁹³ Invicro, London, UK.
⁹⁴ Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁹⁵ Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁹⁷ McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (MCIN), Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁹⁸ University of Washington, Department of Psychology and eScience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹⁹ University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Inria, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France.
¹⁰¹ Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁰² The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰³ The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Heath, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰⁴ Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), UMR7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, France.
¹⁰⁶ University of Oregon, Department of Human Physiology, Eugene, OR, USA.
¹⁰⁷ University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
¹⁰⁸ Inria, Université Paris Saclay, Saclay, France.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Cognitive Science, Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, and Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹¹⁰ Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
¹¹¹ University of Birmingham, Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, Birmingham, UK.
¹¹² Google X. Mountain View, CA USA.

PMID: 37744469
PMCID: PMC10516110

Update in

The past, present, and future of the brain imaging data structure (BIDS).
Poldrack RA, Markiewicz CJ, Appelhoff S, Ashar YK, Auer T, Baillet S, Bansal S, Beltrachini L, Benar CG, Bertazzoli G, Bhogawar S, Blair RW, Bortoletto M, Boudreau M, Brooks TL, Calhoun VD, Castelli FM, Clement P, Cohen AL, Cohen-Adad J, D'Ambrosio S, de Hollander G, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, de la Vega A, Delorme A, Devinsky O, Draschkow D, Duff EP, DuPre E, Earl E, Esteban O, Feingold FW, Flandin G, Galassi A, Gallitto G, Ganz M, Gau R, Gholam J, Ghosh SS, Giacomel A, Gillman AG, Gleeson P, Gramfort A, Guay S, Guidali G, Halchenko YO, Handwerker DA, Hardcastle N, Herholz P, Hermes D, Honey CJ, Innis RB, Ioanas HI, Jahn A, Karakuzu A, Keator DB, Kiar G, Kincses B, Laird AR, Lau JC, Lazari A, Legarreta JH, Li A, Li X, Love BC, Lu H, Marcantoni E, Maumet C, Mazzamuto G, Meisler SL, Mikkelsen M, Mutsaerts H, Nichols TE, Nikolaidis A, Nilsonne G, Niso G, Norgaard M, Okell TW, Oostenveld R, Ort E, Park PJ, Pawlik M, Pernet CR, Pestilli F, Petr J, Phillips C, Poline JB, Pollonini L, Raamana PR, Ritter P, Rizzo G, Robbins KA, Rockhill AP, Rogers C, Rokem A, Rorden C, Routier A, Saborit-Torres JM, Salo T, Schirner M, Smith RE, Spisak T, Sprenger J, Swann NC, Szinte M, Takerkart S, Thirion B,… See abstract for full author list ➔ Poldrack RA, et al. Imaging Neurosci (Camb). 2024 Mar 8;2:1-19. doi: 10.1162/imag_a_00103. eCollection 2024 Mar 1. Imaging Neurosci (Camb). 2024. PMID: 39308505 Free PMC article. Review.

Abstract

The Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a community-driven standard for the organization of data and metadata from a growing range of neuroscience modalities. This paper is meant as a history of how the standard has developed and grown over time. We outline the principles behind the project, the mechanisms by which it has been extended, and some of the challenges being addressed as it evolves. We also discuss the lessons learned through the project, with the aim of enabling researchers in other domains to learn from the success of BIDS.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Competing Interests GR is an employee of Invicro. No other authors have competing interests to declare.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
A reproduction of Gorgolewski et al., 2016, Figure 1, showing an example mapping from DICOM to BIDS. BIDS is a community-driven standard for organizing, naming, and annotating neuroimaging data that places a heavy emphasis on human- and machine-readability. Since its initial publication, BIDS has expanded from structural, functional and diffusion MRI to incorporate other MR methodologies such as arterial spin labeling and other recording technologies such as electrophysiology.

**Figure 2.**
A graphical timeline of the historical development of the BIDS project, including important publications, meetings, and other developments.

**Figure 3:**
A snapshot of the whiteboard at the initial BIDS meeting (January 27–30, 2015), outlining the intended separation of a directory-based format (which would become BIDS) and a formal RDF-based description (which would become NIDM-Experiment).

**Figure 4.**
Growing usage of BIDS over time. Left: Growth of the OpenNeuro database since its inception in 2017, adapted from (Markiewicz et al., 2021). Right: Cumulative number of unique T1-weighted anatomical (t1w) and BOLD images from BIDS datasets submitted to the MRIQC web API (Esteban, Blair, et al., 2019) from 2018 to June 2023. Source data and code to generate figures available at https://osf.io/x7fh8/.

**Figure 5.**
Overview of BIDS Schema usage. In this example, BEP 030 (NIRS) introduces a file naming rule to the schema as part of the BEP process. The schema rule is used to render a file naming template in the specification. The BIDS Validator uses the rule to identify valid NIRS data files while rejecting improperly named files. Finally, third-party tools, such as a query library, may ingest the updated schema to automatically gain access to new features of BIDS.

**Figure 6.**
A world map of the institutional locations of all coauthors on the present paper.

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References

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The Past, Present, and Future of the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS)

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The Past, Present, and Future of the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS)

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