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Review
. 2023;61(4):305-317.
doi: 10.5114/reum/170312. Epub 2023 Aug 31.

Selected musculoskeletal disorders in patients with thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and obesity

Nicola Dyrek  1 , Agnieszka Wikarek  2 , Małgorzata Niemiec  1 , Piotr Kocełak  2
Affiliations
Review

Selected musculoskeletal disorders in patients with thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and obesity

Nicola Dyrek et al. Reumatologia. 2023.

Abstract

Many medical conditions affect the skeletal system and constitute independent risk factors for fractures. The action of thyroid hormones is necessary to maintain adequate development, mineralization, and bone strength. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and pathological fractures. In hypothyroidism, the changes in the quality of bone structure lead to an increase in the frequency of fractures. Excessive body weight negatively impacts fracture risk, increases the risk of osteoarthritis and accelerates the development of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of bone fractures despite different etiopathogenesis due to the duration of the disease and the pro-inflammatory state, the incorporation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) into the bone matrix, and microvascular disorders. This study summarizes the current literature on the influence of thyroid dysfunction, obesity, and diabetes on the skeletal system.

Keywords: diabetes; musculoskeletal disorders; obesity; thyroid dysfunction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

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Fig. 1
The PRISMA flow chart of the study.
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