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. 2025 Aug;32(4):1009-1017.
doi: 10.1177/15266028231199714. Epub 2023 Sep 25.

Perprocedural Heparinization in Non-cardiac Arterial Procedures: The Current Practice in the Netherlands

Liliane C Roosendaal  1   2   3 , Max Hoebink  1   2   3 , Arno M Wiersema  1   2   3 , Kak K Yeung  2   3 , Jan D Blankensteijn  2   3 , Vincent Jongkind  1   2   3 ; ACTION-survey collaborators
Collaborators, Affiliations

Perprocedural Heparinization in Non-cardiac Arterial Procedures: The Current Practice in the Netherlands

Liliane C Roosendaal et al. J Endovasc Ther. 2025 Aug.

Abstract

Purpose: Heparin is the most widely-used anticoagulant to prevent thrombo-embolic complications during non-cardiac arterial procedures (NCAP). Unfortunately, there is a lack of evidence and consequently non-uniformity in guidelines on perprocedural heparin management. Detailed insight into the current practice of antithrombotic strategies during NCAP in the Netherlands is important, aiming to identify potential optimal protocols and local differences concerning perprocedural heparinization.

Materials and methods: A comprehensive online survey was distributed electronically to vascular surgeons of every hospital in the Netherlands in which NCAP were performed. Data were collected from September 2020 to October 2021.

Results: The response rate was 90% (53/59 hospitals). During NCAP, all surgeons generally administered heparin before arterial clamping. In 74% (39/54) of hospitals, a single heparin dosing protocol was used for all types of patients and vascular procedures. In 40%, there was no uniformity in heparin dosing between vascular surgeons. Depending on the procedure, a fixed bolus heparin, predominantly 5000 IU, was administered in 73% to 93%. In the remaining hospitals (7%-27%), a bodyweight-based heparin protocol was used, with an initial dose of 70 or 100 IU/kg. A minority (28%) monitored the effect of heparin in patients using the activated clotting time add (ACT) after activated clotting time. Target values varied between 180 and 250 seconds or 2 times the baseline ACT.

Conclusion: This survey demonstrates considerable variability in perprocedural heparinization during NCAP in the Netherlands. Future research on heparin dosing is needed to harmonize and optimize heparin dosage protocols and contemporary guidelines during NCAP, and thereby improve vascular surgical care and patient safety.Clinical ImpactThis survey demonstrated persisting intra- and inter-hospital variability in perprocedural heparinization during non-cardiac arterial procedures (NCAP) in the Netherlands. The observed variability in heparinization strategies highlights the need for high quality evidence on perprocedural anticoagulation strategies. This is needed in order to harmonize and optimize heparin dosage protocols and contemporary guidelines and thereby improve vascular surgical patient care. Based on the current results, an international survey will be conducted by the authors to gain additional insight into the antithrombotic strategies used during NCAP, aiming to harmonize anticoagulation protocols worldwide.

Keywords: activated clotting time; heparin; non-cardiac arterial procedures; vascular surgical procedures.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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