Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Sep 20:16:4295-4305.
doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S423151. eCollection 2023.

Risk Assessment for Cardiovascular Disease Using the Framingham Risk Score and Globorisk Score Among Newly Diagnosed Metabolic Syndrome Patients

Syed Omair Adil  1   2 , Fareed Uddin  3 , Kamarul Imran Musa  1 , Asima Khan  4 , Areebah Shakeel  5 , Kashif Shafique  2 , Md Asiful Islam  6
Affiliations

Risk Assessment for Cardiovascular Disease Using the Framingham Risk Score and Globorisk Score Among Newly Diagnosed Metabolic Syndrome Patients

Syed Omair Adil et al. Int J Gen Med. .

Abstract

Purpose: The presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. In this study, CVD risk was calculated among individuals with newly diagnosed MetS using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Globorisk Score. The FRS and Globorisk score are particularly relevant in predicting CVD risk as these scores include key MetS-related risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and age.

Patients and methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at various sites in Karachi, Pakistan, from February 2022 to August 2022. Newly diagnosed cases of MetS with no physical disability, known illness, and not taking any regular medication were recruited. MetS was defined based on the definition of International Diabetes Federation. The major outcome was 10-year risk for CVD using the FRS and Globorisk Score.

Results: Of 304 patients, 59.2% were classified as low risk according to FRS, while 20.4% were classified as moderate and high risk each. Using the Globorisk score, 44.6% of 224 patients were classified as low risk, 34.4% as moderate risk, and 21.0% as high risk. A moderate positive correlation was observed between the two CVD risk scores (r = 0.651, 95% CI 0.58-0.71). Both risk scores have reported age, gender, and current smokers as significant risk factors in predicting CVD in 10-years (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: The outcome of both CVD risk scores predicted moderate-to-high risk of CVD in 10-years in almost half of the newly diagnosed patients with MetS. In particular, the risk of development of CVD in 10-years in newly diagnosed MetS is higher with increasing age, in male gender, and current smokers.

Keywords: cardiac events; cardiometabolic syndrome; diabetes; dyslipidemia; hypertension; obesity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Kashif Shafique, Mr. Syed Omair Adil and Dr. Fareed Uddin report grants from Sindh Higher Education Commission and PharmEvo Research Forum, during the conduct of the study. The author reports no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart showing inclusion of patients for 10-year CVD risk assessment using FRS and Globorisk scores. *MetS was confirmed using the definition of IDF.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The 10-year CVD risk classification using Framingham and Globorisk Score.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):12. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hajifathalian K, Ueda P, Lu Y, et al. A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:339–355. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00081-00089 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jahangiry L, Farhangi MA, Rezaei F. Framingham risk score for estimation of 10-years of cardiovascular diseases risk in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36:36. doi:10.1186/s41043-017-0114-0 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Farhangi MA, Jahangiry L. Gender difference in the association between Framingham risk score with cardio-metabolic risk factors and psychological distress in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(2):71–75. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.12.009 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gaziano TA. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world and its cost-effective management. Circulation. 2005;112(23):3547–3553. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.591792 - DOI - PubMed