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. 2023 Sep 15;9(9):752.
doi: 10.3390/gels9090752.

Quality by Design-Optimized Glycerosome-Enabled Nanosunscreen Gel of Rutin Hydrate

Md Shabbir Alam  1 , Niha Sultana  1 , Md Abdur Rashid  2 , Yahya Alhamhoom  2 , Asad Ali  1 , Ayesha Waheed  1 , Mo Suheb Ansari  1 , Mohd Aqil  1 , Mohd Mujeeb  1
Affiliations

Quality by Design-Optimized Glycerosome-Enabled Nanosunscreen Gel of Rutin Hydrate

Md Shabbir Alam et al. Gels. .

Abstract

Sunburn is caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, resulting in redness of the skin as well as tenderness, swelling, and blistering issues. During the healing process, it can cause peeling, irritation, and some long-term effects, including premature aging, pigmentation, and a high risk of skin cancer. Rutin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could potentially reduce inflammation and soothe sunburned skin. The objective of the current proposal is to develop and create carbopol gel-encased glycerosomes for the treatment of sunburn. The Design of Expert (DoE) technique was used to optimize the proposed formulation and was subjected to various characterization parameters such as nanovesicles size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, entrapment efficiency (EE), and surface morphology. The optimized rutin-loaded glycerosomes (opt-RUT-loaded-GMs) were further characterised for drug release, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The formulation showed sustained release, greater permeation into the skin, and good antioxidant activity. The dermatokinetic study of opt-RUT-loaded-GMs confirms that the Rutin hydrate had better retention in the epidermis as compared to the dermis, owing to its potential for long lasting protection after topical application. It was observed that the prepared formulation was stable, highly safe, and had good sun protection factor (SPF) values that could be used as a suitable option for topical drug administration to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs.

Keywords: DoE; antioxidants; carbopol-gel; glycerosome; rutin; sunburn.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structure of Rutin.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Ishikawa fishbone diagram.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) vesicle size and (B) zeta potential of Opt-RUT-loaded-GMs and (C) TEM image of Opt-RUT-loaded-GM.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) DSC thermograms of Pure API-RUT, (B) Lyophilized Blank opt-GMs, (C) Lyophilized opt-RUT-loaded-GMs.
Figure 5
Figure 5
DPPH assay of (A) Rutin hydrate (after DPPH treatment), (B) Control, and (C) Ascorbic acid (after DPPH treatment).
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) In vitro release profile comparison of opt-RUT-loaded-GMs gel and RUT suspension, p < 0.0001, n = 3, (B) SPF value for Opt-RUT-loaded-GMs gel and RUT-Suspension at different concentrations (0.02%, 0.05% and 0.1%), p < 0.0001, n = 3. and (C) RUT concentration on the epidermis and dermis of excised rat skin following application to the skin of opt-RUT-loaded-GMs gel and RUT conventional gel, p < 0.05, n = 9.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) CLSM of Rhodamine B dye hydroethanolic solution. (B) CLSM of opt-GMs loaded with Rhodamine B dye.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Skin irritation examination of rats (A) Negative control, (B) Positive control (0.8% formalin), and (C) opt-RUT-loaded-GMs gel formulation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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