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. 2023 Sep 14;14(9):766.
doi: 10.3390/insects14090766.

Dose Effects of Flubendiamide and Thiodicarb against Spodoptera Species Developing on Bt and Non-Bt Soybean

Daniela N Godoy  1 , Venicius E Pretto  1 , Poliana G de Almeida  1 , Marlon A G Weschenfelder  1 , Luiz F Warpechowski  1 , Renato J Horikoshi  2 , Samuel Martinelli  3 , Graham P Head  3 , Oderlei Bernardi  1
Affiliations

Dose Effects of Flubendiamide and Thiodicarb against Spodoptera Species Developing on Bt and Non-Bt Soybean

Daniela N Godoy et al. Insects. .

Abstract

An increase in Spodoptera species was reported in Bt soybean fields expressing Cry1Ac insecticidal proteins in Brazil, requiring additional management with chemical insecticides. Here, we evaluated the dose effects of flubendiamide and thiodicarb on Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782), Spodoptera albula (Walker, 1857) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that survived on MON 87751 × MON 87708 × MON 87701 × MON 89788, expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 and Cry1Ac; MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean, expressing Cry1Ac; and non-Bt soybean. On unsprayed Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1Ac soybean, only S. frugiperda showed ~60% mortality after 10 d, whereas S. cosmioides, S. eridania and S. albula showed >81% mortality. The surviving larvae of all species on this Bt soybean showed >80% mortality when exposed to the field label dose of flubendiamide (70 mL/ha) or thiodicarb (400 g/ha) or at 50% of these doses. In contrast, all four species had <25% and <19% mortality on Cry1Ac and non-Bt soybean, respectively. The surviving S. cosmioides, S. eridania and S. albula on these soybean types presented >83% mortality after exposure to both dose levels of flubendiamide and thiodicarb. Some S. frugiperda larvae surviving on Cry1Ac and non-Bt soybean sprayed with a 50% dose of either insecticide developed into adults. However, the L1 larvae developing on Cry1Ac soybean leaves sprayed with flubendiamide and the L2 larvae on this soybean sprayed with thiodicarb had a prolonged immature stage, and the females displayed lower fecundity, which are likely to impact S. frugiperda population growth on soybean.

Keywords: Bt soybean; chemical control; defoliator species; sublethal effects.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors R.J.H., S.M. and G.P.H are employed by Bayer Crop Science but declare no conflicts of interest. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Lethality of three soybean types with and without flubendiamide spray against L1 and L2 larvae of Spodoptera species after 10 d of exposure. Within each group of bars (representing a given species and larval stage), values (±SE) with the same letter are not significantly different as determined by the LSMEANS statement using the Tukey–Kramer test at p > 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lethality of soybean types with and without thiodicarb spray against L1 or L2 larvae of Spodoptera species after 10 d of exposure. Group of bars (±SE) with the same letter in each larval stage are not significantly different as determined by the LSMEANS statement using Tukey–Kramer test at p > 0.05.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Adult eclosion (%) of Spodoptera species exposed to soybean types with and without insecticide spray. Within each group of bars (representing a given species and larval stage), values (±SE) with the same letter are not significantly different as determined by the LSMEANS statement using the Tukey–Kramer test at p > 0.05. An asterisk (*) indicates that no insects survived until adulthood.
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