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Review
. 2023 Aug 22;10(9):357.
doi: 10.3390/jcdd10090357.

Comparative Analysis of Heart Regeneration: Searching for the Key to Heal the Heart-Part II: Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Regeneration

Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas  1 , Sheila Caño-Carrillo  1 , Cristina Sánchez-Fernández  1   2 , Diego Franco  1   2 , Estefanía Lozano-Velasco  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Comparative Analysis of Heart Regeneration: Searching for the Key to Heal the Heart-Part II: Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Regeneration

Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas et al. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. .

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, among which ischemic heart disease is the most representative. Myocardial infarction results from occlusion of a coronary artery, which leads to an insufficient blood supply to the myocardium. As it is well known, the massive loss of cardiomyocytes cannot be solved due the limited regenerative ability of the adult mammalian hearts. In contrast, some lower vertebrate species can regenerate the heart after an injury; their study has disclosed some of the involved cell types, molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways during the regenerative process. In this 'two parts' review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art of the main response to achieve heart regeneration, where several processes are involved and essential for cardiac regeneration.

Keywords: cardiac disease; cell cycle; fibrosis; heart regeneration; hypoxia; inflammation; metabolism; molecular pathways; myocardial infarction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparison of the molecular pathways involved in cardiac regeneration mediated by hypoxia and oxidative metabolism among vertebrate species; (A) adult zebrafish and neonatal mouse and (B) adult mouse. * Different genes are involved.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of the molecular pathways involved in cardiac regeneration mediated by inflammatory process among vertebrate species; (A) adult zebrafish and neonatal mouse and (B) adult mouse.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Comparison of the molecular pathways involved in cardiac regeneration mediated by proliferation process among vertebrate species; (A) adult zebrafish, (B) neonatal mouse and (C) adult mouse.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparison of the molecular pathways involved in cardiac regeneration mediated by fibrotic process among vertebrate species; (A) adult zebrafish, (B) neonatal and adult mouse.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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