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. 2023 Aug 24;13(9):1237.
doi: 10.3390/brainsci13091237.

Development and Validation of the Body Cognition Assessment System

Ikumi Ikejiri  1 , Takashi Murakami  2   3 , Ryosuke Yamauchi  1 , Hideaki Yamaguchi  2   4 , Takayuki Kodama  1
Affiliations

Development and Validation of the Body Cognition Assessment System

Ikumi Ikejiri et al. Brain Sci. .

Abstract

Body awareness, which comprises the sense of body possession and action ownership, is essential for the adaptive movement of humans in response to external environments. However, existing body cognition assessments include many overt elements of cognitive functional activity, but no assessment captures the latent body cognition necessary for exercise and daily life activities. Therefore, this study aimed to devise a body cognition assessment system (BCAS) to examine the functional basis of body cognition in healthy participants and investigate its usefulness. The BCAS was used to assess body cognition on three occasions, and BCAS values were calculated from the results of the assessment. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine reproducibility. Neural activity in the brain during somatocognition assessment while conducting the BCAS was measured by electroencephalogram. Moreover, the functional basis for somatocognition with the BCAS was also investigated. The results demonstrated that the BCAS values varied across the three administrations (ICC (1.3) = 0.372), and changes in the state of neural activity in the brain were observed. The results suggest that assessment using the BCAS may be a new indicator of ever-changing body cognition.

Keywords: BCAS; FBT; body cognition.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental protocols. (a) The diagram illustrates the experimental protocol for FBT. (b) The diagram presents the experimental protocol for BCAS. EEG: electroencephalogram; FBT: forearm bisection test; BCAS: body cognition assessment system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forearm bisection task (FBT) procedure. The numbers at the top represent the paper ruler (cm) used to calculate the subjective midpoints.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Body cognition assessment system (BCAS): (a) BCAS system; (b) BCAS measurement scene.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Body cognition assessment system (BCAS): (a) BCAS system; (b) BCAS measurement scene.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Changes in the FBT and BCAS values in three enforcements (a): Box-and-whisker diagram of the FBT values for each of the three implementations, displaying FBT values that were ICC (1.3) = 0.828 (0.609–0.935), above 0.7, indicating high reproducibility. (b): Box-and-whisker diagram of the BCAS values for each of the three exercises, showing that the BCAS values decreased rather than remained constant from session to session with ICC (1.3) = 0.372 (−0.513–0.78). FBT, forearm bisection test; BCAS: body cognition assessment system; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Neural activity during FBT. The results of the EEG analysis using eLORETA during the FBT. During FBT, parietal-lobe-dominant activity is observed, mainly in the bilateral superior parietal lobes during the first, second, and third sessions. Bilateral supplementary motor cortex activity is also observed during the three sessions. The eLORETA scale depicts brain regions with activity values above two standard deviations of the neural activity value (µV/mm2) as red regions. FBT: forearm bisection test; eLORETA: exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Neural activity during BCAS. The results of the EEG using eLORETA upon using the BCAS are as follows: the first session exhibited predominant neural activity mainly in the bilateral superior parietal lobes but also in the bilateral supplementary motor cortex and inferior parietal lobule; the second session demonstrated predominant neural activity mainly in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, along with the supplementary motor cortex and superior parietal lobule; the third session exhibited predominant neural activity in the bilateral supplementary motor cortex, along with the dorsolateral premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and superior parietal lobule. Variations in brain activity were observed after each session. The eLORETA scale depicts the brain regions with activity values above two standard deviations of the neural activity value (µV/mm2) in red. BCAS: body cognition assessment system; eLORETA: exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography.
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