Bloodstream Infections in Intensive Care Unit during Four Consecutive SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Waves

Abstract

Critically ill COVID-19 patients are at an increased risk of bloodstream infections (BSIs). We performed a retrospective observational single-center study on COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) to assess the incidence of BSIs in four consecutive periods: 21 February-31 July 2020 (W1), 1 August 2020-31 January 2021 (W2), 1 February-30 September 2021 (W3) and 1 October 2021 and 30 April 2022 (W4). BSIs that occurred 48 h after ICU admission were included. The crude incidence of BSIs was estimated by means of Poisson distribution normalized to 1000 patient-days. A total of 404 critically ill COVID-19 patients were admitted to ICU, of whom 284 (61%) developed at least one episode of BSI with an overall crude incidence of 87 events every 1000 patient-days (95% CI 77-98) without a significant difference in consecutive epidemic periods (p = 0.357). Gram-positive bacteria were the most frequent etiological agents of BSIs, contributing to 74.6% episodes. A progressive decrease in BSIs due to Enterococcus spp. was observed (W1 57.4%, W2 43.7%, W3 35.7% and W4 32.7%; p = 0.004). The incidence of BSIs remained stable during different epidemic periods. Enterococcus spp. prevalence was significantly reduced, although still accounted for one third of BSIs in more recent epidemic periods.

Keywords: COVID-19; bloodstream infection; critically ill; enterococcus; pseudomonas.

Figure 1

Cumulative incidence of BSIs according to being admitted to ICU in different SARS-CoV-2 epidemic periods (21 February–31 July 2020 (period 1), 1 August 2020–31 January 2021 (period 2), 1 February–30 September 2021 (period 3) and 1 October 2021 and 30 April 2022 (period 4).