Application of Graphene Oxide in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The current review aims to provide an overview of the most recent research in the last 10 years on the potentials of graphene in the dental surgery field, focusing on the potential of graphene oxide (GO) applied to implant surfaces and prosthetic abutment surfaces, as well as to the membranes and scaffolds used in Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) procedures. "Graphene oxide" and "dental surgery" and "dentistry" were the search terms utilized on the databases Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed, with the Boolean operator "AND" and "OR". Reviewers worked in pairs to select studies based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. They included animal studies, clinical studies, or case reports, and in vitro and in vivo studies. However, they excluded systematic reviews, narrative reviews, and meta-analyses. Results: Of these 293 studies, 19 publications were included in this review. The field of graphene-based engineered nanomaterials in dentistry is expanding. Aside from its superior mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability, graphene and its derivatives may be functionalized with a variety of bioactive compounds, allowing them to be introduced into and improved upon various scaffolds used in regenerative dentistry. This review presents state-of-the-art graphene-based dental surgery applications. Even if further studies and investigations are still needed, the GO coating could improve clinical results in the examined dental surgery fields. Better osseointegration, as well as increased antibacterial and cytocompatible qualities, can benefit GO-coated implant surgery. On bacterially contaminated implant abutment surfaces, the CO coating may provide the optimum prospects for soft tissue sealing to occur. GBR proves to be a safe and stable material, improving both bone regeneration when using GO-enhanced graft materials as well as biocompatibility and mechanical properties of GO-incorporated membranes.

Keywords: dental surgery; graphene coating; graphene oxide (GO); oxide materials.

Figure 1

Crystal lattice of graphene with a hexagonal honeycomb structure in which each atom is able to bond with three adjacent atoms.

Figure 2

PRISMA flowchart.

Figure 3

GO-coated implant surface enhances the differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells.

Figure 4

Risk of bias; red indicates high risk, and green indicates low risk of bias [45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63].

Figure 4

Risk of bias; red indicates high risk, and green indicates low risk of bias [45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63].