Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Sep 15;28(18):6639.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28186639.

Adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 and Basic Blue 3 Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Silybum Marianum Stem as a Low-Cost Adsorbent

Türkan Börklü Budak  1
Affiliations

Adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 and Basic Blue 3 Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Silybum Marianum Stem as a Low-Cost Adsorbent

Türkan Börklü Budak. Molecules. .

Abstract

In the present study, the ability of an adsorbent (SLM Stem) obtained from the stem of the Silybum Marianum plant to treat wastewater containing the cationic dyes basic blue 3 (BB3) and basic yellow 28 (BY28) from aqueous solutions was investigated using a batch method. Then, the SLM Stem (SLM Stem-Natural) adsorbent was carbonized at different temperatures (200-900 °C) and the removal capacity of the products obtained for both dyes was examined again. The investigation continued with the product carbonized at 800 °C (SLM Stem-800 °C), the adsorbent with the highest removal capacity. The dyestuff removal studies were continued with the SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbents because they had the highest removal values. The surface properties of these two adsorbents were investigated using IR, SEM, and XRD measurements. It was determined that the SLM Stem-Natural has mainly non-porous material, and the SLM Stem-800 °C has a microporous structure. The optimal values for various parameters, including adsorbent amount, initial dye solution concentration, contact time, temperature, pH, and agitation speed, were investigated for BY28 dye and were 0.05 g, 15 mg/L, 30 min, 40 °C, pH 6 and 100 rpm when SLM Stem-Natural adsorbent was used and, 0.15 g, 30 mg/L, 30 min, 40 °C, pH 10, and 150 rpm when SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent was used. For BB3 dye, optimal parameter values of 0.20 g, 10 mg/L, 30 min, 25 °C, pH 7, and 100 rpm were obtained when SLM Stem-Natural adsorbent was used and 0.15 g, 15 mg/L, 40 min, 40 °C, pH 10, and 100 rpm when SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent was used. The Langmuir isotherm described the adsorption process best, with a value of r2 = 0.9987. When SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent was used for BY28 dye at 25 °C, the highest qm value in the Langmuir isotherm was 271.73 mg/g. When the study was repeated with actual water samples under optimum conditions, the highest removal for the BY28 dye was 99.9% in tap water with the SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent. Furthermore, the reuse study showed the adsorbent's efficiency even after three repetitions.

Keywords: adsorption; basic blue 3; basic yellow 28; silybum marianum stem.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest. The author affirms that no competitive financial interests or personal relationships could have affected the reported work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images and photos of the SLM Stem powder after different carbonized temperatures: SLM Stem-Natural 50 °C (a), 200 °C (b), 400 °C (c), 600 °C (d), 800 °C (e), and 900 °C (f).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The FTIR−ATR spectra of SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem powder after different carbonized temperatures between 200 and 900 °C.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The before and after FTIR−ATR spectra of BB3 adsorption on SLM Stem-Natural (a) and SLM Stem-800 °C (b).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The before and after FTIR−ATR spectra of BB3 adsorption on SLM Stem-Natural (a) and SLM Stem-800 °C (b).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The FTIR−ATR spectra of before and after adsorption of BY28 on SLM Stem-Natural (a) and SLM Stem-800 °C (b).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The FTIR−ATR spectra of before and after adsorption of BY28 on SLM Stem-Natural (a) and SLM Stem-800 °C (b).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The XRD pattern of SLM Stem-Natural (a) and SLM Stem-800 °C (b).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The BET pattern of SLM Stem-Natural (a) and SLM Stem-800 °C (b).
Figure 7
Figure 7
The values of pHzpc of SLM Stem-Natural (a) and SLM Stem-800 °C (b).
Figure 8
Figure 8
The impact of various ash temperatures on the adsorption of BY28 dye on SLM Stem.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The impact of various ash temperatures on the adsorption of BB3 dye on SLM Stem.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The effects of various adsorbents dosages on the adsorption of BB3 and BY28 dyes on SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C. Removal % (a), qe (b).
Figure 11
Figure 11
The influence of initial concentration on the adsorption of BB3 and BY28 dyes on SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C. Removal % (a), qe (b).
Figure 12
Figure 12
The influence of contact time ((a): Removal %, (c): qe) and temperature ((b): Removal %, (d): qe) on the adsorption of BB3 and BY28 dyes on SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C.
Figure 13
Figure 13
The influence of initial pH on BB3 and BY28 dye adsorption on SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C.
Figure 14
Figure 14
The effect of agitation rate on BB3 and BY28 dye adsorption on SLM stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C.
Figure 15
Figure 15
The real sample application. (a): Removal %, (b): qe.
Figure 16
Figure 16
The reusability behavior of SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C: (a) 0.1 M HCl and (b) 0.1 M NaOH.
Figure 16
Figure 16
The reusability behavior of SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C: (a) 0.1 M HCl and (b) 0.1 M NaOH.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Langmuir (a,b) and Freundlich (c,d) adsorption isotherm plots for the adsorption of BB3 and BY28 onto SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C (pH: 6, 30 mg/L, V: 50 mL, m: 0.1 g).
Figure 18
Figure 18
Figurative expression of the preparation procedure of the adsorbent from SLM Stem.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Hasani N., Selimi T., Mele A., Thaçi V., Halili J., Berisha A., Sadiku M. Theoretical, Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Investigations of Methylene Blue Adsorption onto Lignite Coal. Molecules. 2022;27:1856. doi: 10.3390/molecules27061856. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Renou S., Givaudan J., Poulain S., Dirassouyan F., Moulin P. Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008;150:468–493. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ojedabenitez S., Beraudlozano J. The municipal solid waste cycle in Mexico: Final disposal. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2003;39:239–250. doi: 10.1016/s0921-3449(03)00030-2. - DOI
    1. Nagano S., Tamon H., Adzumi T., Nakagawa K., Suzuki T. Activated carbon from municipal waste. Carbon. 2000;38:915–920. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6223(99)00208-0. - DOI
    1. Montagnaro F., Santoro L. Reuse of coal combustion ashes as dyes and heavy metal adsorbents: Effect of sieving and demineralization on waste properties and adsorption capacity. Chem. Eng. J. 2009;150:174–180. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2008.12.022. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources