Risk Profile of Patients with Brushite Stone Disease and the Impact of Diet

Abstract

This study examined the profile of patients and the impact of diet on the risk of brushite stone formation under controlled, standardized conditions. Sixty-five patients with brushite nephrolithiasis were enrolled in the study. Metabolic, dietary, and 24 h urinary parameters were collected under the habitual, self-selected diet of the patients and the balanced mixed, standardized diet. The [¹³C₂]oxalate absorption, ammonium chloride, and calcium loading tests were conducted. All patients had at least one abnormality on the usual diet, with hypercalciuria (84.6%), increased urine pH (61.5%), and hyperphosphaturia (43.1%) being the most common. Absorptive hypercalciuria was present in 32.1% and hyperabsorption of oxalate in 41.2%, while distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) was noted in 50% of brushite stone formers. The relative supersaturation of brushite did not differ between patients with and without dRTA. Among all recent brushite-containing calculi, 61.5% were mixed with calcium oxalate and/or carbonate apatite. The relative supersaturation of brushite, apatite, and calcium oxalate decreased significantly under the balanced diet, mainly due to the significant decline in urinary calcium, phosphate, and oxalate excretion. Dietary intervention was shown to be effective and should be an integral part of the treatment of brushite stone disease. Further research on the role of dRTA in brushite stone formation is needed.

Keywords: absorptive hypercalciuria; brushite; calcium; diet; kidney stones; nephrolithiasis; oxalate; renal tubular acidosis; urinary pH; urolithiasis.