Phenotypic Variation Analysis and Excellent Clone Selection of Alnus cremastogyne from Different Provenances

Abstract

Alnus cremastogyne is a rapidly growing broad-leaved tree species that is widely distributed in southwest China. It has a significant economic and ecological value. However, with the expansion of the planting area, the influence of phenotypic variation and differentiation on Alnus cremastogyne has increased, resulting in a continuous decline in its genetic quality. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the phenotypic variation of Alnus cremastogyne and select excellent breeding materials for genetic improvement. Herein, four growth-related phenotypic traits (diameter at breast height, the height of trees, volume, height under the branches) and twelve reproductive-related phenotypic traits (fresh weight of single cone, dry weight of single cone, seed weight per plant, thousand kernel weight, cone length, cone width, cone length × cone width, fruit shape index, seed rate, germination rate, germination potential, germination index) of 40 clones from four provenances were measured and analyzed. The phenotypic variation was comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, and excellent clones were selected as breeding materials. The results revealed that there were abundant phenotypic traits variations among and within provenances. Most of the phenotypic traits were highly significant differences (p < 0.01) among provenances. The phenotypic variation among provenances (26.36%) was greater than that of within provenances clones (24.80%). The average phenotypic differentiation coefficient was accounted for 52.61% among provenances, indicating that the phenotypic variation mainly came from among provenances. The coefficient of variation ranged from 9.41% (fruit shape index) to 97.19% (seed weight per plant), and the repeatability ranged from 0.36 (volume) to 0.77 (cone width). Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive correlation among most phenotypic traits. In principal component analysis, the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 79.18%, representing the main information on the measured phenotypic traits. The cluster analysis revealed four groups for the 40 clones. Group I and group II exhibited better performance phenotypic traits as compared with group III and group IV. In addition, the four groups are not clearly clustered following the distance from the provenance. Employing the multi-trait comprehensive evaluation method, 12 excellent clones were selected, and the average genetic gain for each phenotypic trait ranged from 4.78% (diameter at breast height) to 32.05% (dry weight of single cone). These selected excellent clones can serve as candidate materials for the improvement and transformation of Alnus cremastogyne seed orchards. In addition, this study can also provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement, breeding, and clone selection of Alnus cremastogyne.

Keywords: Alnus cremastogyne; excellent clone; phenotypic traits; phenotypic variation.

Figure 1

Multiple comparison of the average values of phenotypic traits of 4 provenances of A. cremastogyne (a–p). In the bar chart. The blue, green, yellow and purple rectangular bars are respectively represented as PC: Pingchang County; EY: Enyang District; JT: Jintang County; XH: Xuanhan County; the same letter on the error bars indicates no significant difference, Numbers in bars represent average values. The abbreviation of phenotypic traits is shown in Table 1.

Figure 2

Variance components percentage of 16 phenotypic traits (a); phenotypic differentiation coefficient among and within provenances (b). The abbreviation of phenotypic traits is shown in Table 1.

Figure 3

The average variance component proportion of 16 phenotypic traits (a); proportion of average phenotypic differentiation coefficient among and within provenances (b).

Figure 4

Coefficient of variation (CV) and repeatability(R) of phenotypic traits. The abbreviation of phenotypic traits is shown in Table 1.

Figure 5

Correlation analysis of phenotypic traits. In the figure, the larger the circle, the deeper the color represents the stronger the correlation, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01. The abbreviation of phenotypic traits is shown in Table 1.

Figure 6

PCA of phenotypic traits of A. cremastogyne. The projection of the load of 16 phenotypic traits of A. cremastogyne on PCA1 and PCA2 (a); the projection of the load of 16 phenotypic traits of A. cremastogyne on PCA1 and PCA3 (b). The abbreviation of phenotypic traits is shown in Table 1.

Figure 7

The scatter plot of phenotypic traits of 40 A. cremastogyne clones from 4 provenances based on the PCA1 and PCA2. The abbreviation of phenotypic traits is shown in Table 1.

Figure 8

Cluster analysis figure of 16 phenotypic traits of 40 A. cremastogyne clones based on Euclidean distance from 4 provenances. The clone number abbreviation is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 9

Geographical location map of 4 provenances of A. cremastogyne.