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Review
. 2023 Aug 31;15(9):1861.
doi: 10.3390/v15091861.

Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges

Mahfuza Akther  1 , Syeda Hasina Akter  2   3 , Subir Sarker  4 , Joshua W Aleri  3 , Henry Annandale  3 , Sam Abraham  5 , Jasim M Uddin  3   5
Affiliations
Review

Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges

Mahfuza Akther et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a current global concern, causes economic devastation in livestock industries, with cattle and water buffalo reported to have higher morbidity and lower mortality rates. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family. It is an enzootic, rapidly explorative and sometimes fatal infection, characterized by multiple raised nodules on the skin of infected animals. It was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and is considered endemic in Africa south of the Sahara desert. It has gradually spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, with periodic occurrences in Asian and East European countries. Recently, it has been spreading in most Asian countries including far East Asia and threatens incursion to LSD-free countries. Rapid and accurate diagnostic capabilities, virus identification, vaccine development, vector control, regional and international collaborations and effective biosecurity policies are important for the control, prevention, and eradication of LSD infections. This review critically evaluates the global burden of LSD, the chronological historical outbreaks of LSD, and future directions for collaborative global actions.

Keywords: economic impact; global biosecurity challenges; historical outbreak; lumpy skin disease; vaccination.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the possible mode of transmission of LSDV.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Global outbreak of natural lumpy skin disease (LSD) starting from 1929 to 2023?
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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